Baumgartner H, Falk V, Bax JJ, De Bonis M, Hamm C, Holm PJ et al (2017) ESC/EACTS Guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease. Eur Heart J 38:2739–2791

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Otto CM, Nishimura RA, Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Erwin JP 3rd, Gentile F, Jneid H, Krieger EV, Mack M, McLeod C, O'Gara PT, Rigolin VH, Sundt TM 3rd, Thompson A, Toly C (2021) 2020 ACC/AHA guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 143(5):e72-e227. Erratum in: Circulation. 2021;143(5):e229

Cameli M, Incampo E, Mondillo S (2017) Left atrial deformation: useful index for early detection of cardiac damage in chronic mitral regurgitation. Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc 17:17–22

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Le Tourneau T, Deswarte G, Lamblin N, Foucher-Hossein C, Fayad G, Richardson M, Polge AS, Vannesson C, Topilsky Y, Juthier F, Trochu JN, Enriquez-Sarano M, Bauters C (2013) Right ventricular systolic function in organic mitral regurgitation: impact of biventricular impairment. Circulation 127(15):1597–1608

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Shah M, Jorde UP (2019) Percutaneous mitral valve interventions (repair): current indications and future perspectives. Front Cardiovasc Med 6:88

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Lazam S, Vanoverschelde JL, Tribouilloy C, Grigioni F, Suri RM, Avierinos JF, de Meester C, Barbieri A, Rusinaru D, Russo A, Pasquet A, Michelena HI, Huebner M, Maalouf J, Clavel MA, Szymanski C, Enriquez-Sarano M (2017) MIDA (Mitral Regurgitation International Database) Investigators. Twenty-year outcome after mitral repair versus replacement for severe degenerative mitral regurgitation: analysis of a large, prospective, multicenter, international registry. Circulation. 135(5):410–422

Suri RM, Vanoverschelde JL, Grigioni F, Schaff HV, Tribouilloy C, Avierinos JF, Barbieri A, Pasquet A, Huebner M, Rusinaru D, Russo A, Michelena HI, Enriquez-Sarano M (2013) Association between early surgical intervention vs watchful waiting and outcomes for mitral regurgitation due to flail mitral valve leaflets. JAMA 310(6):609–616

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Enriquez-Sarano M (2002) Timing of mitral valve surgery. Heart 87(1):79–85

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Ling H, Enriquez-Sarano M, Seward J et al (1996) Clinical outcome of mitral regurgitation due to flail leaflets. N Engl J Med 335:1417–1423

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Del Rio JM, Grecu L, Nicoara A (2019) Right ventricular function in left heart disease. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 23(1):88–107

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Ma JI, Igata S, Strachan M, Nishimura M, Wong DJ, Raisinghani A, DeMaria AN (2019) Predictive factors for progression of mitral regurgitation in asymptomatic patients with mitral valve prolapse. Am J Cardiol 123(8):1309–1313

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Mauri L, Garg P, Massaro JM et al (2010) The EVEREST II Trial: design and rationale for a randomized study of the evalve mitraclip system compared with mitral valve surgery for mitral regurgitation. Am Heart J 160:23–29

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Sorajja P, Mack M, Vemulapalli S, Holmes DR Jr, Stebbins A, Kar S, Lim DS, Thourani V, McCarthy P, Kapadia S, Grayburn P, Pedersen WA, Ailawadi G (2016) Initial experience with commercial transcatheter mitral valve repair in the United States. J Am Coll Cardiol 67(10):1129–1140

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Nickenig G, Estevez-Loureiro R, Franzen O, Tamburino C, Vanderheyden M, Lüscher TF, Moat N, Price S, Dall'Ara G, Winter R, Corti R, Grasso C, Snow TM, Jeger R, Blankenberg S, Settergren M, Tiroch K, Balzer J, Petronio AS, Büttner HJ, Ettori F, Sievert H, Fiorino MG, Claeys M, Ussia GP, Baumgartner H, Scandura S, Alamgir F, Keshavarzi F, Colombo A, Maisano F, Ebelt H, Aruta P, Lubos E, Plicht B, Schueler R, Pighi M, Di Mario C (2014) Transcatheter valve treatment sentinel registry investigators of the EURObservational Research Programme of the European Society of Cardiology. Percutaneous mitral valve edge-to-edge repair: in-hospital results and 1-year follow-up of 628 patients of the 2011–2012 Pilot European Sentinel Registry. J Am Coll Cardiol 64(9):875–84

Lim DS, Reynolds MR, Feldman T, Kar S, Herrmann HC, Wang A, Whitlow PL, Gray WA, Grayburn P, Mack MJ, Glower DD (2014) Improved functional status and quality of life in prohibitive surgical risk patients with degenerative mitral regurgitation after transcatheter mitral valve repair. J Am Coll Cardiol 64(2):182–192

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Grayburn PA, Foster E, Sangli C, Weissman NJ, Massaro J, Glower DG, Feldman T, Mauri L (2013) Relationship between the magnitude of reduction in mitral regurgitation severity and left ventricular and left atrial reverse remodeling after MitraClip therapy. Circulation 128(15):1667–1674

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Coutinho GF, Antunes MJ (2017) Mitral valve repair for degenerative mitral valve disease: surgical approach, patient selection and long-term outcomes. Heart 103(21):1663–1669

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Cameli M, Mandoli GE, Sciaccaluga C, Mondillo S (2019) More than 10 years of speckle tracking echocardiography: still a novel technique or a definite tool for clinical practice? Echocardiography 36(5):958–970

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Pastore MC, De Carli G, Mandoli GE, D’Ascenzi F, Focardi M, Contorni F, Mondillo S, Cameli M (2020) The prognostic role of speckle tracking echocardiography in clinical practice: evidence and reference values from the literature. Heart Fail Rev. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10741-020-09945-9

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Marques-Alves P, Marinho AV, Domingues C, Baptista R, Castro G, Martins R, Gonçalves L (2020) Left atrial mechanics in moderate mitral valve disease: earlier markers of damage. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 36(1):23–31

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Kislitsina ON, Thomas JD, Crawford E, Michel E, Kruse J, Liu M, Andrei AC, Cox JL, McCarthy PM (2020) Predictors of left ventricular dysfunction after surgery for degenerative mitral regurgitation. Ann Thorac Surg 109(3):669–677

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Lancellotti P, Cosyns B, Zacharakis D, Attena E, Van Camp G, Gach O, Radermecker M, Piérard LA (2008) Importance of left ventricular longitudinal function and functional reserve in patients with degenerative mitral regurgitation: assessment by two-dimensional speckle tracking. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 21(12):1331–1336

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Cho EJ, Park SJ, Yun HR, Jeong DS, Lee SC, Park SW, Park PW (2016) Predicting left ventricular dysfunction after surgery in patients with chronic mitral regurgitation: assessment of myocardial deformation by 2-dimensional multilayer speckle tracking echocardiography. Korean Circ J 46(2):213–221

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Witkowski TG, Thomas JD, Debonnaire PJ, Delgado V, Hoke U, Ewe SH, Versteegh MI, Holman ER, Schalij MJ, Bax JJ, Klautz RJ, Marsan NA (2013) Global longitudinal strain predicts left ventricular dysfunction after mitral valve repair. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 14(1):69–76

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Kim HM, Cho GY, Hwang IC, Choi HM, Park JB, Yoon YE, Kim HK (2018) Myocardial strain in prediction of outcomes after surgery for severe mitral regurgitation. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 11(9):1235–1244

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Hiemstra YL, Tomsic A, van Wijngaarden SE, Palmen M, Klautz RJM, Bax JJ, Delgado V, Ajmone MN (2020) Prognostic value of global longitudinal strain and etiology after surgery for primary mitral regurgitation. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 13(2 Pt 2):577–585

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Singh V, Kumar S, Bhandari M, Devenraj V, Singh SK (2020) Global longitudinal strain: is it a superior assessment method for left ventricular function in patients with chronic mitral regurgitation undergoing mitral valve replacement? Indian J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 36(2):119–126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12055-019-00854-7

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Alashi A, Mentias A, Patel K et al (2016) Synergistic utility of brain natriuretic peptide and left ventricular global longitudinal strain in asymptomatic patients with significant primary mitral regurgitation and preserved systolic function undergoing mitral valve surgery. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 9:e004451

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Canessa M, Thamman R, Americo C, Soca G, Dayan V (2020) Global longitudinal strain predicts survival and left ventricular function after mitral valve surgery. A meta-analysis Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg S1043–0679(20):30297–30305

Google Scholar 

Mentias A, Naji P, Gillinov AM, Rodriguez LL, Reed G, Mihaljevic T, Suri RM, Sabik JF, Svensson LG, Grimm RA, Griffin BP, Desai MY (2016) Strain echocardiography and functional capacity in asymptomatic primary mitral regurgitation with preserved ejection fraction. J Am Coll Cardiol 68(18):1974–1986

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Fukui M, Niikura H, Sorajja P, Hashimoto G, Bae R, Garcia S, Gössl M, Cavalcante JL (2020) Identification of subclinical myocardial dysfunction and association with survival after transcatheter mitral valve repair. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 33(12):1474–1480

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Pandis D, Sengupta PP, Castillo JG, Caracciolo G, Fischer GW, Narula J, Anyanwu A, Adams DH (2014) Assessment of longitudinal myocardial mechanics in patients with degenerative mitral valve regurgitation predicts postoperative worsening of left ventricular systolic function. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 27(6):627–638

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Mascle S, Schnell F, Thebault C, Corbineau H, Laurent M, Hamonic S, Veillard D, Mabo P, Leguerrier A, Donal E (2012) Predictive value of global longitudinal strain in a surgical population of organic mitral regurgitation. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 25(7):766–772

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Mihaila S, Muraru D, Miglioranza MH, Piasentini E, Aruta P, Cucchini U, Iliceto S, Vinereanu D, Badano LP (2016) Relationship between mitral annulus function and mitral regurgitation severity and left atrial remodelling in patients with primary mitral regurgitation. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 17(8):918–929

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Cameli M, Mandoli GE, Nistor D, Lisi E, Massoni A, Crudele F, Stricagnoli M, Lunghetti S, Mondillo S (2018) Left heart longitudinal deformation analysis in mitral regurgitation. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 34(11):1741–1751

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Cameli M, Lisi M, Righini FM, Massoni A, Natali BM, Focardi M, Tacchini D, Geyer A, Curci V, Di Tommaso C, Lisi G, Maccherini M, Chiavarelli M, Massetti M, Tanganelli P, Mondillo S (2013) Usefulness of atrial deformation analysis to predict left atrial fibrosis and endocardial thickness in patients undergoing mitral valve operations for severe mitral regurgitation secondary to mitral valve prolapse. Am J Cardiol 111(4):595–601

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Cameli M, Lisi M, Giacomin E, Caputo M, Navarri R, Malandrino A, Ballo P, Agricola E, Mondillo S (2011) Chronic mitral regurgitation: left atrial deformation analysis by two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography. Echocardiography 28(3):327–334

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Vieira MJ, Teixeira R, Gonçalves L et al (2014) Left atrial mechanics: echocardiographic assessment and clinical implications. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 27:463e78

Her AY, Choi EY, Shim CY, Song BW, Lee S, Ha JW, Rim SJ, Hwang KC, Chang BC, Chung N (2012) Prediction of left atrial fibrosis with speckle tracking echocardiography in mitral valve disease: a comparative study with histopathology. Korean Circ J 42(5):311–318

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Cameli M, Miglioranza MH, Magne J, Mandoli GE, Benfari G, Ancona R et al (2020) Multicentric atrial strain comparison between two different modalities: MASCOT HIT study. Diagnostics (Basel) 10(11):946

Article  Google Scholar 

Voigt JU, Mălăescu GG, Haugaa K, Badano L (2020) How to do LA strain. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 21(7):715–717

PubMed  Article