Feldman T, Foster E, Glower DD, et al. Percutaneous repair or surgery for mitral regurgitation. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:1395–406.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Baldus S, Schillinger W, Franzen O, et al. MitraClip therapy in daily clinical practice: initial results from the German transcatheter mitral valve interventions (TRAMI) registry. Eur J Heart Fail. 2012;14:1050–5.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Maisano F, Franzen O, Baldus S, et al. Percutaneous mitral valve interventions in the real world: early and 1-year results from the ACCESS-EU, a prospective, multicenter, nonrandomized post-approval study of the MitraClip therapy in Europe. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62:1052–61.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hayashida K, Yasuda S, Matsumoto T, et al. AVJ-514 trial—baseline characteristics and 30-day outcomes following MitraClip(R) treatment in a Japanese cohort. Circ J. 2017;81:1116–22.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Okada A, Kanzaki H, Amaki M, et al. Successful treatment of mitral regurgitation after transapical transcatheter aortic valve implantation by percutaneous edge-to-edge mitral valve repair (MitraClip(R))—the first combination therapy performed in Japan. Intern Med. 2018;57:1105–9.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stone GW, Lindenfeld J, Abraham WT, et al. Transcatheter mitral-valve repair in patients with heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2018;379:2307–18.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Obadia JF, Messika-Zeitoun D, Leurent G, et al. Percutaneous repair or medical treatment for secondary mitral regurgitation. N Engl J Med. 2018;379:2297–306.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Neuss M, Schau T, Isotani A, et al. Elevated mitral valve pressure gradient after MitraClip implantation deteriorates long-term outcome in patients with severe mitral regurgitation and severe heart failure. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2017;10:931–9.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lubos E, Schluter M, Vettorazzi E, et al. MitraClip therapy in surgical high-risk patients: identification of echocardiographic variables affecting acute procedural outcome. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2014;7:394–402.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Biaggi P, Jedrzkiewicz S, Gruner C, et al. Quantification of mitral valve anatomy by three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography in mitral valve prolapse predicts surgical anatomy and the complexity of mitral valve repair. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2012;25:758–65.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sugimoto T, Dulgheru R, Marchetta S, et al. What does 3D echocardiography add to 2D echocardiography in the assessment of mitral regurgitation? Curr Cardiol Rep. 2017;19:90.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Noack T, Kiefer P, Mallon L, et al. Changes in dynamic mitral valve geometry during percutaneous edge–edge mitral valve repair with the MitraClip system. J Echocardiogr. 2019;17:84–94.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee AP, Hsiung MC, Salgo IS, et al. Quantitative analysis of mitral valve morphology in mitral valve prolapse with real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography: importance of annular saddle shape in the pathogenesis of mitral regurgitation. Circulation. 2013;127:832–41.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ito K, Abe Y, Takahashi Y, et al. Mechanism of atrial functional mitral regurgitation in patients with atrial fibrillation: a study using three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography. J Cardiol. 2017;70:584–90.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cong T, Gu J, Lee AP, et al. Quantitative analysis of mitral valve morphology in atrial functional mitral regurgitation using real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography atrial functional mitral regurgitation. Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2018;16:13.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Okamoto C, Okada A, Kanzaki H, et al. Prognostic impact of peak mitral inflow velocity in asymptomatic degenerative mitral regurgitation. Heart. 2019;105:609–15.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Deferm S, Bertrand PB, Verbrugge FH, et al. Atrial functional mitral regurgitation: JACC review topic of the week. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73:2465–76.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Izumi C, Eishi K, Ashihara K, et al. JCS/JSCS/JATS/JSVS 2020 Guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease. Circ J. 2020;84:2037–119.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lang RM, Badano LP, Mor-Avi V, et al. Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2015;28:1–39.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zoghbi WA, Enriquez-Sarano M, Foster E, et al. Recommendations for evaluation of the severity of native valvular regurgitation with two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2003;16:777–802.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nagueh SF, Appleton CP, Gillebert TC, et al. Recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2009;22:107–33.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rudski LG, Lai WW, Afilalo J, et al. Guidelines for the echocardiographic assessment of the right heart in adults: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography endorsed by the European Association of Echocardiography, a registered branch of the European Society of Cardiology, and the Canadian Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2010;23:685–713.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Aman E, Smith TW. Echocardiographic guidance for transcatheter mitral valve repair using edge-to-edge clip. J Echocardiogr. 2019;17:53–63.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kataoka A. Gender and positional disparities between echocardiologists and operators in MitraClip heart teams in Japan. J Echocardiogr. 2021;19:65–6.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chandra S, Salgo IS, Sugeng L, et al. A three-dimensional insight into the complexity of flow convergence in mitral regurgitation: adjunctive benefit of anatomic regurgitant orifice area. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2011;301:H1015-1024.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Altiok E, Hamada S, Brehmer K, et al. Analysis of procedural effects of percutaneous edge-to-edge mitral valve repair by 2D and 3D echocardiography. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012;5:748–55.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Biaggi P, Felix C, Gruner C, et al. Assessment of mitral valve area during percutaneous mitral valve repair using the MitraClip system: comparison of different echocardiographic methods. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;6:1032–40.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Utsunomiya H, Itabashi Y, Kobayashi S, et al. Effect of percutaneous edge-to-edge repair on mitral valve area and its association with pulmonary hypertension and outcomes. Am J Cardiol. 2017;120:662–9.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Itabashi Y, Utsunomiya H, Kubo S, et al. Different indicators for postprocedural mitral stenosis caused by single- or multiple-clip implantation after percutaneous mitral valve repair. J Cardiol. 2018;71:336–45.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boerlage-van Dijk K, van Riel AC, de Bruin-Bon RH, et al. Mitral inflow patterns after MitraClip implantation at rest and during exercise. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2014;27:24–31.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sumida T, Tanabe K, Yagi T, et al. Single-beat determination of Doppler-derived aortic flow measurement in patients with atrial fibrillation. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2003;16:712–5.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Akamatsu K, Abe Y, Matsumura Y, et al. Etiology of atrial functional mitral regurgitation: insights from transthoracic echocardiography in 159 consecutive patients with atrial fibrillation and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. Cardiology. 2020;145:511–21.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

DeLong ER, DeLong DM, Clarke-Pearson DL. Comparing the areas under two or more correlated receiver operating characteristic curves: a nonparametric approach. Biometrics. 1988;44:837–45.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Thaden JJ, Malouf JF, Nkomo VT, et al. Mitral valve anatomic predictors of hemodynamic success with transcatheter mitral valve repair. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;7: e007315.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Debonnaire P, Al Amri I, Leong DP, et al. Leaflet remodelling in functional mitral valve regurgitation: characteristics, determinants, and relation to regurgitation severity. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;16:290–9.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kim DH, Heo R, Handschumacher MD, et al. Mitral valve adaptation to isolated annular dilation: insights into the mechanism of atrial functional mitral regurgitation. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019;12:665–77.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kagiyama N, Hayashida A, Toki M, et al. Insufficient leaflet remodeling in patients with atrial fibrillation: association with the severity of mitral regurgitation. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2017;10: e005451.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Machino-Ohtsuka T, Seo Y, Ishizu T, et al. Novel mechanistic insights into atrial functional mitral regurgitation—3-dimensional echocardiographic study. Circ J. 2016;80:2240–8.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Otsuji Y, Kumanohoso T, Yoshifuku S, et al. Isolated annular dilation does not usually cause important functional mitral regurgitation: comparison between patients with lone atrial fibrillation and those with idiopathic or ischemic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39:1651–6.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee AP, Jin CN, Fan Y, et al. Functional implication of mitral annular disjunction in mitral valve prolapse: a quantitative dynamic 3D echocardiographic study. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2017;10:1424–33.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nagaura T, Hayashi A, Yoshida J, et al. Percutaneous edge-to-edge repair for atrial functional mitral regurgitation: a real-time 3-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography study. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019;12:1881–3.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ring L, Dutka DP, Wells FC, et al. Mechanisms of atrial mitral regurgitation: insights using 3D transoesophageal echo. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014;15:500–8.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Silbiger JJ. Mechanistic insights into atrial functional mitral regurgitation: far more complicated than just left atrial remodeling. Echocardiography. 2019;36:164–9.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tang Z, Fan YT, Wang Y, et al. Mitral annular and left ventricular dynamics in atrial functional mitral regurgitation: a three-dimensional and speckle-tracking echocardiographic study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2019;32:503–13.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Abe Y, Takahashi Y, Shibata T. Functional mitral regurgitation, updated: ventricular or atrial? J Echocardiogr. 2020;18:1–8.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kagiyama N, Mondillo S, Yoshida K, et al. Subtypes of atrial functional mitral regurgitation: imaging insights into their mechanisms and therapeutic implications. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2020;13:820–35.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Patzelt J, Zhang W, Sauter R, et al. Elevated mitral valve pressure gradient is predictive of long-term outcome after percutaneous edge-to-edge mitral valve repair in patients with degenerative mitral regurgitation (MR), but not in functional MR. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019;8: e011366.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Halaby R, Herrmann HC, Gertz ZM, et al. Effect of mitral valve gradient after MitraClip on outcomes in secondary mitral regurgitation: results from the COAPT trial. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2021;14:879–89.

PubMed  Google Scholar