Submission history

Received: 12 October 2021

Accepted: 7 January 2022

Acknowledgments

We thank Stanford Clinical and Translational Research Unit Biobank, Catherine A. Blish, Hector Bonilla, Karen Jacobson, Diego Martinez Mori, Kattria van der Ploeg, Sharon Chinthrajah, Tina Sindher, Will Collins, James Liu, Joe G, Anthony Buzzanco, Katia Tkachenko, Mihir Shah, Allie Lee, Kathleen Jia, Eric Smith, Iris Chang, Evan Do and Diane Dunham for support with clinical protocol, patient care, or collection and provision of patient samples. Financial support from Stanford’s Innovative Medicines Accelerator and operational support from Stanford ChEM-H is acknowledged.

Funding: Support was received from Stanford University, the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (TTW), Prebys Foundation (GST), and the Searle Scholars Program (TTW). Research reported in this publication was supported by Fast Grants (TTW and MM), CEND COVID Catalyst Fund (TTW), the Crown Foundation, the Sunshine Foundation, the Marino Family Foundation, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health under Award Numbers U19AI111825 to TTW, U54CA260517 to TTW, R01AI139119 to TTW, U01AI150741-02S1 to TTW, R01 AI125197-04 to PJU, and RECOVER OTA-21-15B to PJU. Funding was provided to JCG by NIH Training Grant 5T32AI007290. SG and MM were supported by NCI U24 grant CA224319. SG is additionally supported by grant U01 DK124165. PJU is also supported by funds provided by the Sean N. Parker Center COVID-19 Research Fund and the Henry Gustav Floren Trust.

Author contributions: Saborni Chakraborty, JCG, GST, TTW designed the study and analyzed data. Saborni Chakraborty, JCG, GST, TTW wrote the manuscript with input from EDM, KCN, TUM, PJU, VM, and UA. Saborni Chakraborty, JCG, BLS, GST, VM, Srijoni Chakraborty, MD, UA, A. Sinnott, BY-LC, KQTT, CS, RS, SZ, XJ, and NK performed experiments. AC, STC, TG, PSA, FG, YG, SK-S, MP, SLG, SG, TUM, MM, SDB, MMD, MH, CK, HM, YM, EDM, KCN, BP, US, A. Subramanian, and PJU provided critical support or reagents.

Competing Interests: SG reports consultancy and advisory roles for Merck and OncoMed and research funding from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Genentech, Celgene, Janssen R&D, Takeda, and Regeneron. US reports advisory roles for Regeneron Pharmaceuticals and Gilead Sciences. SDB owns stock in AbCellera Biologics and has consulted for Regeneron, Sanofi, and Novartis. All other authors declare no competing interests.

Data availability: All data are available in the manuscript or supplemental materials. Raw, individual level data are presented in Data File S1. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to TTW.

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