1. Burns, J, Truog, RD. The DNR order after 40 years. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(6):504-506.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline2. Sabatino, CP . The evolution of health care advance planning law and policy. Milbank. 2010;88(2):211-239. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0009.2010.00596.x
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI3. Carnevale, FA, Benedetti, M, Bonaldi, A, Bravi, E, Trabucco, G, Biban, P. Understanding the private worlds of physicians, nurses and parents: a study of life-sustaining treatment decisions in Italian pediatric critical care. J Child Health Care. 2011;15(4):334-349.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI4. AAP: American Academy of Pediatrics – Committee on Bioethics . Guidelines on forgoing life-sustaining medical treatment. Pediatrics. 1994;93(4):532-536. doi:10.1542/peds.93.3.532
Google Scholar | Medline5. Carnevale, FA, Canoui, P, Cremer, R, et al. Parental involvement in treatment decisions regarding their critically ill child: a comparative study of France and Quebec. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2007;8(4):337-342. doi:10.1097/01.PCC.0000269399.47060.6D
Google Scholar | Medline | ISI6. CPS: Canadian Paediatric Society . Treatment decisions regarding infants, children and adolescents: Canadian Paediatric Society position statement. Paediatr Child Health. 2004;9(2):99-103. doi:10.1093/pch/9.2.99
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline7. Hubert, P, Canoui, P, Cremer, R, Leclerc, R, Groupe Francophone de réanimation et urgences pédiatriques . Withholding or withdrawing lifesaving treatment in pediatric intensive care unit: GFRUP guidelines [French]. Archives de Pédiatrie. 2005;12(10):1501-1508. ISSN 0929-693X. doi:10.1016/j.arcped.2005.04.085
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline8. Canadian Healthcare Association (CHA), Canadian Medical Association (CMA), Canadian Nurses Association (CNA), & Catholic Health Association of Canada (CHAC) . Joint statement on resuscitative intervention (update 1995). CMAJ. 1995;153:1652A-1652C.
Google Scholar | Medline9. Sanchez-Sweatman, LR, Carlin, KCPR. Who decides? Can Nurse. 1997;93(4):31-34.
Google Scholar | Medline10. Thibault-Prevost, J, Jensen, LA, Hodgins, M. Critical care nurses’ perceptions of DNR status. J Nurs Scholarsh. 2000;32(3):259-265.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline11. Banja, JD . Advance directives and the do-not-resuscitate order. Case Manager. 1998;9(2):30-33.
Google Scholar | Crossref12. Carnevale, FA, Canouï, P, Hubert, P, et al. The moral experience of parents regarding life-support decisions for their critically ill child: a preliminary study in France. J Child Health Care. 2006;10(1):69-82. doi:10.1177/1367493506060209
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals13. Article 240 Amending Article 288, Code of Medical Ethics (2012) [1994].
Google Scholar14. Michelson, KN, Steinhorn, DM. Pediatric end-of-life issues and palliative care. Clin Pediatr Emerg Med. 2008;8(3):212-219.
Google Scholar | Crossref15. Rahmo, N, Al-Ayed, T. Do-Not-Resuscitate (DNR) orders in a Saudi pediatric intensive care unit. Saudi Med J. 2014;35(6):561-565.
Google Scholar | Medline16. Braun, KL, Piertsch, JH, Blanchette, PL. Cultural Issues in End-of-Life Decision Making. Sage Publishing; 1999.
Google Scholar17. Waugh, E . The Islamic Tradition: Religious Beliefs and Healthcare Decisions in Religious Traditions and Healthcare Decisions. Published Park Ridge Centre for the Study of Health, Faith, and Ethics. 1998.
Google Scholar18. Albar, MA . Seeking remedy, abstaining from therapy and resuscitation: an islamic perspective. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2007;18(4):629-637.
Google Scholar | Medline19. Abdallah, FS, Radaeda, MS, Gaghama, MK, Salameh, B. Intensive care unit physician's attitudes on do not resuscitate order in Palestine. Indian J Palliat Care. 2016;22(1):38-41. doi:10.4103/0973-1075.173947
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline20. Da Costa, DE, Ghazal, H, Al Khusaiby, S. Do Not Resuscitate orders and ethical decisions in a neonatal intensive care unit in a Muslim community. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2002;86(2):F115-F119. PMID: 11882554; PMCID: PMC1721375. doi:10.1136/fn.86.2.f115
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline21. Mogadasian, S, Abdollahzadeh, F, Rahmani, A, et al. The attitude of Iranian nurses about do not resuscitate orders. Indian J Palliat Care. 2014;20:21-25.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline22. Ismail, M, Shehab, K, Khalifa, E, Etman, M, Abdul Hakim, K, Tierney, E. Misunderstanding of the term [DNR]in a middle-eastern teaching hospital. Bahrain Med Bull. 2015;37(2):88-91.
Google Scholar | Crossref23. Rahman, M, Abuhasna, S, Abu-Zidan, FM. Care of terminally-ill patients: an opinion survey among critical care healthcare providers in the Middle East. Afr Health Sci. 2013;13(4):893-898. PMID: 24940309; PMCID: PMC4056474. doi:10.4314/ahs.v13i4.5
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline24. Vincent, JL . Forgoing life support in western European intensive care units: the results of an ethical questionnaire. Crit Care Med. 1999;27(8):1626-1633. PMID: 10470775. doi:10.1097/00003246-199908000-00042
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI25. Siegrist, V, Eken, C, Nickel, CH, Mata, R, Hertwig, R, Bingisser, R. End-of-life decisions in emergency patients: prevalence, outcome, and physician effect [published online May 30, 2018]. QJM. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcy112
Google Scholar26. Becker, C, Lecheler, L, Hochstrasser, S, et al. Association of communication interventions to discuss code status with patient decisions for no-not-resuscitate orders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(6):e195033. Published 2019 Jun 5. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.5033
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline27. Tulsky, JA, Fischer, GS, Rose, MR, Arnold, RM. Opening the black box: how do physicians communicate about advance directives? Ann Intern Med. 1998;129(6):441-449. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-129-6-199809150-00003
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI28. Einstein, DJ, Einstein, KL, Mathew, P. Dying for advice: code status discussions between resident physicians and patients with advanced cancer: a national survey. J Palliat Med. 2015;18(6):535-541. doi:10.1089/jpm.2014.0373
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline29. Anderson, WG, Chase, R, Pantilat, SZ, Tulsky, JA, Auerbach, AD. Code status discussions between attending hospitalist physicians and medical patients at hospital admission. J Gen Intern Med. 2011;26(4):359-366. doi:10.1007/s11606-010-1568-6
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI30. Covinsky, KE, Fuller, JD, Yaffe, K, et al. Communication and decision-making in seriously ill patients: findings of the SUPPORT project: the study to understand prognoses and preferences for outcomes and risks of treatments. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000;48(S1):S187-S193. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2000.tb03131.x
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline31. Billings, ME, Curtis, JR, Engelberg, RA. Medicine residents’ self-perceived competence in end-of-life care. Acad Med. 2009;84(11):1533-1539. doi:10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181bbb490
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI32. Deep, KS, Griffith, CH, Wilson, JF. Communication and decision making about life-sustaining treatment: examining the experiences of resident physicians and seriously-ill hospitalized patients. J Gen Intern Med. 2008;23(11):1877-1882. doi:10.1007/s11606-008-0779-6
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline33. Momen, NC, Barclay, SI. Addressing “the elephant on the table”: barriers to end of life care conversations in heart failure: a literature review and narrative synthesis. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 2011;5(4):312-316. doi:10.1097/SPC.0b013e32834b8c4d
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline34. Knauft, E, Nielsen, EL, Engelberg, RA, Patrick, DL, Curtis, JR. Barriers and facilitators to end-of-life care communication for patients with COPD. Chest. 2005;127(6):2188-2196. doi:10.1378/chest.127.6.2188
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI35. Visser, M, Deliens, L, Houttekier, D. Physician-related barriers to communication and patient- and family-centred decision-making towards the end of life in intensive care: a systematic review. Crit Care. 2014;18(6):604. doi:10.1186/s13054-014-0604-z
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI