1. McMichael, AJ . Prisoners of the proximate: loosening the constraints on epidemiology in an age of change. Am J Epidemiol 1999; 149(10): 887–97.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI2. Krieger, N . Epidemiology and the web of causation: has anyone seen the spider? Soc Sci Med 1994; 39(7): 887–903.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI3. Susser, M, Susser, E. Choosing a future for epidemiology: II. From black box to Chinese boxes and eco-epidemiology. Am J Public Health 1996; 86(5): 674–7.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI4. Aral, SO . Understanding racial-ethnic and societal differentials in STI. Sex Transm Infect 2002; 78(1): 2–4.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline5. Kenyon, C, Delva, W. It’s the network, stupid: a population’s sexual network connectivity determines its STI prevalence. F1000Res 2018; 7: 1880.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline6. Krieger, N, Waterman, PD, Chen, JT, et al. Monitoring socioeconomic inequalities in sexually transmitted infections, tuberculosis, and violence: geocoding and choice of area-based socioeconomic measures--the public health disparities geocoding project (US). Public Health Rep 2003; 118(3): 240–60.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI7. Hornef, M . Pathogens, commensal symbionts, and pathobionts: discovery and functional effects on the host. ILAR J 2015; 56(2): 159–62.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline8. Unemo, M, Bradshaw, CS, Hocking, JS, et al. Sexually transmitted infections: challenges ahead. Lancet Infect Dis 2017; 17(8): e235–e279.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline9. Kenyon, CR, Osbak, K, Tsoumanis, A. The global epidemiology of syphilis in the past century – a systematic review based on antenatal syphilis prevalence. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10(5): e0004711.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline10. Cohen, MS, Henderson, GE, Aiello, P, et al. Successful eradication of sexually transmitted diseases in the people's republic of China: implications for the 21st century. J Infect Dis 1996; 174 Suppl 2: S223–9.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline11. Aral, SO, Lipshutz, J, Blanchard, J. Drivers of STD/HIV epidemiology and the timing and targets of STD/HIV prevention. Sex Transm Infect 2007; 83 Suppl 1: i1–4.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline12. Chesson, HW, Mayaud, P, Aral, SO. Sexually transmitted infections: impact and cost-effectiveness of prevention. In: Jamison, DT, Nugent, R (eds). Disease Control Priorities. Washington DC: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank, 2017.
Google Scholar | Crossref13. Aral, SO . Sexual network patterns as determinants of STD rates: paradigm shift in the behavioral epidemiology of STDs made visible. Sex Transm Dis 1999; 26(5): 262–4.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline14. Nardone, A, Semaille, C. We need to improve screening for sexually transmitted infections in men who have sex with men in Europe. Sex Transm Infect 2013; 89(7): 539–40.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline15. Fenton, KA, Imrie, J. Increasing rates of sexually transmitted diseases in homosexual men in Western europe and the United States: why? Infect Dis Clin North Am 2005; 19(2): 311–31.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline16. Tsoumanis, A, Hens, N, Kenyon, CR. Is screening for chlamydia and gonorrhea in men who have sex with men associated with reduction of the prevalence of these infections? A systematic review of observational studies. Sex Transm Dis 2018; 45(9): 615–622.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline17. World Health Organization . Global health sector strategy on sexually transmitted infections 2016–2021. Towards ending STIs. Geneva: WHO, 2016.
Google Scholar18. Kenyon, C . Does intense sexually transmitted infection screening cause or prevent antimicrobial resistance in sexually transmitted infections? It depends on one's underlying epistemology. A viewpoint. Sex Transm Dis 2020; 47(8): 506–510.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline19. Morris, M, Goodreau, S, Moody, J. Sexual networks, concurrency and STD/HIV. In: Holmes, KK (ed). Sexually transmitted diseases. 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical, 2008, p. 2166.
Google Scholar20. Mohammed, H, Mitchell, H, Sile, B, et al. Increase in sexually transmitted infections among men who have sex with men, England, 2014. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 22(1): 88–91.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline21. Chesson, HW, Dee, TS, Aral, SO. AIDS mortality may have contributed to the decline in syphilis rates in the United States in the 1990s. Sex Transm Dis 2003; 30(5): 419–24.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline22. Green, EC, Halperin, DT, Nantulya, V, et al. Uganda's HIV prevention success: the role of sexual behavior change and the national response. AIDS Behav 2006; 10(4): 335–50, discussion 347-350.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline23. Kenyon, CR, Schwartz, IS. Effects of sexual network connectivity and antimicrobial drug use on antimicrobial resistance in neisseria gonorrhoeae. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 24(7): 1195–1203.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline24. Grant, RM, Lama, JR, Anderson, PL, et al. Preexposure chemoprophylaxis for HIV prevention in men who have sex with men. N Engl J Med 2010; 363(27): 2587–99.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI25. Molina, J-M, Ghosn, J, Algarte-Genin, M, et al. Incidence of HIV-infection with daily or on-demand PrEP with TDF/FTC in Paris area. ANRS Prevenir, 2019. Paper presented at: JIAS2019.
Google Scholar26. Vuylsteke, B, Reyniers, T, De Baetselier, I, et al. Daily and event-driven pre-exposure prophylaxis for men who have sex with men in Belgium: results of a prospective cohort measuring adherence, sexual behaviour and STI incidence. J Int AIDS Soc 2019; 22(10): e25407.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline27. Auvert, B, Ballard, R, Campbell, C, et al. HIV infection among youth in a South African mining town is associated with herpes simplex virus-2 seropositivity and sexual behaviour. AIDS 2001; 15(7): 885–98.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline28. Koumans, EH, Sternberg, M, Bruce, C, et al. The prevalence of bacterial vaginosis in the United States, 2001-2004; associations with symptoms, sexual behaviors, and reproductive health. Sex Transm Dis 2007; 34(11): 864–9.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI29. Kenyon, CR, Colebunders, R. Strong association between the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis and male point-concurrency. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2014; 172: 93–6.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI30. Muzny, CA, Taylor, CM, Swords, WE, et al. An updated conceptual model on the pathogenesis of bacterial vaginosis. J Infect Dis 2019; 220(9): 1399–1405.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline31. Coudray, MS, Madhivanan, P. Bacterial vaginosis-a brief synopsis of the literature. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2020; 245: 143–148.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline32. Vodstrcil, LA, Walker, SM, Hocking, JS, et al. Incident bacterial vaginosis (BV) in women who have sex with women is associated with behaviors that suggest sexual transmission of BV. Clin Infect Dis 2015; 60(7): 1042–53.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline33. Fethers, KA, Fairley, CK, Hocking, JS, et al. Sexual risk factors and bacterial vaginosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 47(11): 1426–35.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline34. Brotman, RM . Vaginal microbiome and sexually transmitted infections: an epidemiologic perspective. J Clin Invest 2011; 121(12): 4610–7.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline35. Muzny, CA, Kardas, P. A narrative review of current challenges in the diagnosis and management of bacterial vaginosis. Sex Transm Dis 2020; 47(7): 441–446.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline36. Kenyon, CR, Buyze, J, Klebanoff, M, et al. Association between bacterial vaginosis and partner concurrency: a longitudinal study. Sex Transm Infect 2018; 94(1): 75–77.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline37. Liu, CM, Hungate, BA, Tobian, AA, et al. Penile microbiota and female partner bacterial vaginosis in Rakai, Uganda. mBio 2015; 6(3): e00589.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline38. Kenyon, CR, Delva, W, Brotman, RM. Differential sexual network connectivity offers a parsimonious explanation for population-level variations in the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis: a data-driven, model-supported hypothesis. BMC Womens Health 2019; 19(1): 8.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline39. Xu, F, Sternberg, MR, Kottiri, BJ, et al. Trends in herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 seroprevalence in the United States. JAMA 2006; 296(8): 964–73.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI40. Hocking, J . Screening for chlamydia: does it work, results from accept. Sex Transm Infect 2015; 91: A3.
Google Scholar | Crossref41. van den Broek, IV, van Bergen, JE, Brouwers, EE, et al. Effectiveness of yearly, register based screening for chlamydia in the Netherlands: controlled trial with randomised stepped wedge implementation. BMJ 2012; 345: e4316.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline42. Datta, SD, Torrone, E, Kruszon-Moran, D, et al. Chlamydia trachomatis trends in the United States among persons 14 – 39 years of age, 1999–2008. Sex Transm Dis 2012; 39(2): 92–6.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI43. Sonnenberg, P, Clifton, S, Beddows, S, et al. Prevalence, risk factors, and uptake of interventions for sexually transmitted infections in Britain: findings from the national surveys of sexual attitudes and lifestyles (Natsal). Lancet 2013; 382(9907): 1795–806.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline44. Kenyon, C, De Baetselier, I, Wouters, K. Screening for STIs in PrEP cohorts results in high levels of antimicrobial consumption. Int J Std Aids 2020; 31(12): 1215–1218.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI45. De Baetselier, I, Kenyon, C, Vanden Berghe, W, et al. An alarming high prevalence of resistance-associated mutations to macrolides and fluoroquinolones in Mycoplasma genitalium in Belgium: results from samples collected between 2015 and 2018. Sex Transm Infect 2021; 97(4): 297–303.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline46. Kenyon, C . Toward a set of criteria to decide which STIs to screen for in PrEP cohorts. Front Public Health 2019; 7: 154.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline47. Manhart, LE, Khosropour, CM, Liu, C, et al. Bacterial vaginosis-associated bacteria in men: association of Leptotrichia/Sneathia spp. With nongonococcal urethritis. Sex Transm Dis 2013; 40(12): 944–9.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline48. Srinivasan, S, Chambers, LC, Tapia, KA, et al. Urethral microbiota in men: association of haemophilus influenzae and mycoplasma penetrans with nongonococcal urethritis. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73(7): e1684–e1693.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline49. Davison, AJ . Evolution of sexually transmitted and sexually transmissible human herpesviruses. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2011; 1230: E37–49.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline50. van de Laar, TJ, Richel, O. Emerging viral STIs among HIV-positive men who have sex with men: the era of hepatitis C virus and human pa