1. Bloch, SA, Lee, JY, Wort, SJ, et al. Sustained elevation of circulating growth and differentiation factor-15 and dynamic imbalance in mediators of muscle homeostasis are associated with the development of acute muscle wasting following cardiac surgery. Crit Care Med 2013; 41: 982–989.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline2. Iwatsu, K, Yamada, S, Iida, Y, et al. Feasibility of neuromuscular electrical stimulation immediately after cardiovascular surgery. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2015; 96: 63–68.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI3. Iida, Y, Yamazaki, T, Kawabe, T, et al. Postoperative muscle proteolysis affects systemic muscle weakness in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Int Cardiol 2014; 172: 595–597.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline4. Gondin, J, Guette, M, Ballay, Y, et al. Electromyostimulation training effects on neural drive and muscle architecture. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2005; 37: 1291–1299.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI5. Santos, KMS, Cerqueira Neto, ML, Carvalho, VO, et al. Evaluation of peripheral muscle strength of patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery: a longitudinal study. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc 2014; 29: 355–359.
Google Scholar | Medline6. Santos, PMR, Ricci, NA, Suster, EAB, et al. Effects of early mobilisation in patients after cardiac surgery: a systematic review. Physiotherapy 2017; 103: 1–12.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline7. Wageck, B, Nunesa, GS, Silva, FL, et al. Application and effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation in critically ill patients: systematic review. Med Intensiva 2014; 38: 444–454.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline8. Smart, NA, Dieberg, G, Giallauria, F. Functional electrical stimulation for chronic heart failure: a meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol 2013; 167: 80–86.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI9. Cerqueira, TC, Cerqueira Neto, ML, Carvalho, AJG, et al. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation on hemodynamic and respiratory response in patients submitted to cardiac surgery: pilot randomized clinical trial. Int J Cardiovasc Sci 2019; online (ahead print).32(5): 483–489.
Google Scholar10. Maffiuletti, NA, Roig, M, Karatzanos, E, et al. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation for preventing skeletal-muscle weakness and wasting in critically ill patients: a systematic review. BMC Med 2013; 11: 1–10.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline11. Araújo, CJS, Gonçalves, FS, Bittencour, HS, et al. Effects of neuromuscular electrostimulation in patients with heart failure admitted to ward. J Cardiothorac Surg 2012; 7: 124.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline12. Fischer, A, Spiegl, M, Altmannl, K, et al. Muscle mass, strength and functional outcomes in critically ill patients after cardiothoracic surgery: does neuromuscular electrical stimulation help? The Catastim 2 randomized controlled trial. Crit Care 2016; 20: 30.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline13. Iwatsu, K, Iida, Y, Kono, Y, et al. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation may attenuate muscle proteolysis after cardiovascular surgery: a preliminary study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2017; 153: 373–379.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline14. American Thoracic Society . ATS statement: guidelines for the six-minute walk test. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166: 111–117.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI15. Oliveira, GU, Carvalho, VO, Cacau, LPA, et al. Determinants of distance walked during the six-minute walk test in patients undergoing cardiac surgery at hospital discharge. J Cardiothorac Surg 2014; 9: 95.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline16. Cesari, M, Kritchevsky, SB, Penninx, BW, et al. Prognostic value of usual gait speed in well-functioning older people: results from the health, aging and body composition study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2005; 53: 1675–1680.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI17. Ali, NA, O’Brien, JM, Hoffmann, SP, et al. Acquires weakness, handgrip strength, and mortality in critically ill patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 178: 261–268.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI18. Bohannon, RW, Peolsson, A, Massy-Westropp, N, et al. Reference values for adult grip strength measured with a Jamar dynamometer: a descriptive meta-analysis. Physiotherapy 2006; 92: 11–15.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI19. SENIAM Project . SENIAM: European recommendations for Surface Electromyography for the Non-Invasive Assessment of Muscles. 2015, http://www.seniam.org/quadricepsfemorisrectusfemoris.html (accessed 23 december 2021).
Google Scholar20. Correa, CS, Costa, R, Pinto, RS. Utilização de diferentes técnicas para o controle do posicionamento dos eletrodos de superfície na coleta do sinal eletromiográfico. Acta Bras Movimento Humano 2012; 2: 5–13.
Google Scholar21. Riberto, M, Miyazaki, MH, Jorge Filho, D, et al. Reprodutibilidade da versão brasileira da medida de independência funcional. Acta Fisiátrica 2001; 8: 45–52.
Google Scholar22. Herdy, AH, López-Jiménez, F, Terzic, CP, et al. Diretriz Sul-Americana de Prevenção e Reabilitação cardiovascular. Arq Bras Cardiol 2014; 103(Suppl 1): 1–31.
Google Scholar | Medline23. Cacau, LAP, Oliveira, GU, Maynard, LG, et al. The use of the virtual reality as intervention tool in the postoperative of cardiac surgery. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc 2013; 28: 281–289.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline24. Karavidas, A, Parissin, JT, Arapi, S, et al. Effects of functional electrical stimulation on quality of life and emotional stress in patients with chronic heart failure secondary to ischaemic or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Eur J Heart Fail 2008; 10: 709–713.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI25. Fontes Cerqueira, TC, Cerqueira Neto, ML, Cacau, LAP, et al. Ambulation capacity and functional outcome in patients undergoing neuromuscular electrical stimulation after cardiac valve surgery: a randomised clinical trial. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97: e13012.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline26. Sumin, AN, Oleinik, PA, Bezdenezhnykh, AV, et al. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation in early rehabilitation of patients with postoperative complications after cardiovascular surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99: e22769.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline27. Delitto, A, Brown, M, Strube, MJ, et al. Electrical stimulation of quadriceps femoris in an elite weight lifter: a single subject experiment. Int J Sports Med 1989; 10: 187–191.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI28. Deley, G, Kervio, G, Verges, B, et al. Comparison of low frequency electrical myostimulation and conventional aerobic exercise training in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2005; 12: 226–233.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals29. Hernández-Luís, R, Ponce, EM, Muñoz, MM, et al. Prognostic value of physical function tests and muscle mass in elderly hospitalized patients. A prospective observational study. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2018; 18: 57–64.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline30. Gerovasili, V, Tripodaki, E, Karatzanos, E, et al. Short-term systemic effect of electrical muscle stimulation in critically ill patients. Chest 2009; 136: 1249–1256.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI31. Saitoh, M, Santos, MR, Anker, M, et al. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation for muscle wasting in heart failure patients. Int J Cardiol 2016; 225: 200–205.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline32. Miura, M, Seki, K, Ito, O, et al. Electrical stimulation of the abdomen preserves motor performance in the inactive elderly: a randomized controlled trial. Tohoku J Exp Med 2012; 228: 93–101.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline33. Kho, ME, Truong, AD, Zanni, JM, et al. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation in mechanically ventilated patients: a randomized, sham controlled, pilot trial with blinded outcome assessment. J Crit Care 2015; 30: 32–39.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline34. Karatzanos, E, Gerovasili, V, Zervakis, D, et al. Electrical muscle stimulation: an effective form of exercise and early mobilization to preserve muscle strength in critically ill patients. Crit Care Res Pract 2012; 2012: 1–8.
Google Scholar | Crossref35. Schardong, J, Kuinchtner, GC, Sbruzzi, G, et al. Functional electrical stimulation improve muscle strength and endurance in patients after cardiac surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Braz J Phys Ther 2017; 21: 268–273.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline36. Fan, E, Dowdy, DW, Colantuoni, E, et al. Physical complications in acute lung injury survivors: a 2-year longitudinal prospective study. Crit Care Med 2014; 42: 849–859.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI