[1] Vos, T, Lim, SS, Abbafati, C, et al. The Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet 2020;396:1204–1222.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline[2] Saastamoinen, P, Leino-Arjas, P, Laaksonen, M, et al. Socio-economic differences in the prevalence of acute, chronic and disabling chronic pain among ageing employees. Pain 2005;114:364–371.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI[3] Saastamoinen, P, Laaksonen, M, Kääriä, S-M, et al. Pain and disability retirement – a prospective cohort study. Pain 2012;153:526–531.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline[4] Meints, SM, Edwards, RR. Evaluating psychosocial contributions to chronic pain outcomes. Progr Neuro-psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018;87:168–182.
Google Scholar | Crossref[5] Von Korff, M, Ormel, J, Keefe, FJ, et al. Grading the severity of chronic pain. Pain 199;50:133–149.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline[6] Mutubuki, EN, Beljon, Y, Maas, ET, et al. The longitudinal relationships between pain severity and disability versus health-related quality of life and costs among chronic low back pain patients. Qual Life Res: an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation 2020;29:275–287.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline[7] Lacey, RJ, Belcher, J, Croft, PR. Does life course socio-economic position influence chronic disabling pain in older adults? A general population study. Eur J Public Health 2013;23:534–540.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline[8] Braveman, PA, Cubbin, C, Egerter, S, et al. Socioeconomic status in health research. JAMA 2005;294:2879.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline[9] Dorner, TE, Muckenhuber, J, Stronegger, WJ, et al. The impact of socio-economic status on pain and the perception of disability due to pain. Eur J Pain 2011;15:103–109.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI[10] Mallen, C, Peat, G, Thomas, E, et al. Severely disabling chronic pain in young adults: prevalence from a population-based postal survey in North Staffordshire. BMC Musculoskel Disord 2005;6:42.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline[11] Jay, MA, Bendayan, R, Cooper, R, et al. Lifetime socioeconomic circumstances and chronic pain in later adulthood: findings from a British birth cohort study. BMJ Open 2019;9:e024250–024250.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline[12] Petrovic, D, de Mestral, C, Bochud, M, et al. The contribution of health behaviors to socioeconomic inequalities in health: a systematic review. Prev Med 2018;113:15–31.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline[13] Croft, P, Blyth, FM, van der Windt, D. Chronic pain epidemiology from aetiology to public health. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010, pp. 107–108.
Google Scholar[14] Lallukka, T, Pietiläinen, O, Jäppinen, S, et al. Factors associated with health survey response among young employees: a register-based study using online, mailed and telephone interview data collection methods. BMC Public Health 2020;20:184.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline[15] Hagenaars, AJM, de Vos, K, Zaidi, MA. Poverty statistics in the late 1980s: research based on micro-data. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1994, pp. 18.
Google Scholar[16] Pearlin, LI, Schooler, C. The structure of coping. J Health Soc Behav 1978;19:2–21.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI[17] Treede, R, Rief, W, Barke, A, et al. A classification of chronic pain for ICD-11. Pain 2015;156:1–1007.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline[18] Salmela, J, Lallukka, T, Mauramo, E, et al. Body mass index trajectory-specific changes in economic circumstances: a person-oriented approach among midlife and ageing Finns. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020;17:3668.
Google Scholar | Crossref[19] Jenkins, CD, Stanton, B, Niemcryk, SJ, et al. A scale for the estimation of sleep problems in clinical research. J Clin Epidemiol 1988;41:313–321.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI[20] Goldberg, DP . The detection of psychiatric illness by questionnaire. A technique for the identification and assessment of non-psychotic psychiatric illness. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972.
Google Scholar[21] Lourenço, S, Correia, S, Alves, L, et al. Intergenerational educational trajectories and lower back pain in young women and men. Acta Reumatol Portuguesa 2017;42:73.
Google Scholar | Medline[22] Lallukka, T, Viikari-Juntura, E, Raitakari, OT, et al. Childhood and adult socio-economic position and social mobility as determinants of low back pain outcomes. Eur J Pain 2014;18:128–138.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline[23] Varinen, A, Kosunen, E, Mattila, K, et al. The relationship between childhood adversities and fibromyalgia in the general population. J Psychosom Res 2017;99:137–142.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline[24] Blank, N, Diderichsen, F. Social inequalities in the experience of illness in Sweden: a “double suffering”. Scand J Soc Med 1996;24:81–89.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals[25] Cabrera-León, A, Cantero-Braojos, MÁ, Garcia-Fernandez, L, et al. Living with disabling chronic pain: results from a face-to-face cross-sectional population-based study. BMJ Open 2018;8:e020913.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline[26] Lallukka, T, Arber, S, Rahkonen, O, et al. Complaints of insomnia among midlife employed people: the contribution of childhood and present socioeconomic circumstances. Sleep Med 2010;11:828–836.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline[27] Kivimäki, M, Batty, GD, Pentti, J, et al. Association between socioeconomic status and the development of mental and physical health conditions in adulthood: a multi-cohort study. Lancet Public Health 2020;5:140–149.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline[28] Jones, GT, Power, C, Macfarlane, GJ. Adverse events in childhood and chronic widespread pain in adult life: results from the 1958 British Birth Cohort Study. Pain 2009;143:92–96.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI[29] Burke, NN, Finn, DP, McGuire, BE, et al. Psychological stress in early life as a predisposing factor for the development of chronic pain: clinical and preclinical evidence and neurobiological mechanisms. J Neurosci Res 2017;95:1257–1270.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline[30] Neupane, S, Nygård, C, Prakash, KC, et al. Multisite musculoskeletal pain trajectories from midlife to old age: a 28-year follow-up of municipal employees. Occupat Environment Med 2018;75:863–870.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline