1. Surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) program populations (1969-2019) . Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, Surveillance Research Program, National Cancer Institute. Published February 2021. Accessed December 7, 2021. www.seer.cancer.gov/popdata.
Google Scholar2. Matsui, W, Wang, Q, Barber, JP, et al. Clonogenic multiple myeloma progenitors, stem cell properties, and drug resistance. Cancer Res. 2008;68(1):190-197. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.Can-07-3096.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI3. Morgan, GJ, Walker, BA, Davies, FE. The genetic architecture of multiple myeloma. Nat Rev Cancer. 2012;12(5):335-348. doi:10.1038/nrc3257.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline4. Stavnezer, J, Guikema, JE, Schrader, CE. Mechanism and regulation of class switch recombination. Annu Rev Immunol. 2008;26:261-292. doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.26.021607.090248.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI5. Dimopoulos, MA, Kastritis, E, Rosinol, L, Bladé, J, Ludwig, H. Pathogenesis and treatment of renal failure in multiple myeloma. Leukemia. 2008;22(8):1485-1493. doi:10.1038/leu.2008.131.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline6. Rajkumar, SV, Dimopoulos, MA, Palumbo, A, et al. International Myeloma Working Group updated criteria for the diagnosis of multiple myeloma. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15(12):e538-e548. doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(14)70442-5.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline7. National Comprehensive Cancer Network . Multiple myeloma (Version 1.2022). Date unknown. Accessed October 18, 2021. https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/myeloma.pdf.
Google Scholar8. Palumbo, A, Avet-Loiseau, H, Oliva, S, et al. Revised international staging system for multiple myeloma: a report from international myeloma working group. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(26):2863-2869. doi:10.1200/jco.2015.61.2267.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline9. Roussel, M, Lauwers-Cances, V, Robillard, N, et al. Front-line transplantation program with lenalidomide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone combination as induction and consolidation followed by lenalidomide maintenance in patients with multiple myeloma: a phase II study by the Intergroupe Francophone du Myélome. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32(25):2712-2717. doi:10.1200/jco.2013.54.8164.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI10. Mateos, MV, Bladé, J, Bringhen, S, et al. Melflufen: a peptide-drug conjugate for the treatment of multiple myeloma. J Clin Med. 2020;9(10):3120. doi:10.3390/jcm9103120.
Google Scholar | Crossref11. Facon, T, Kumar, S, Plesner, T, et al. Daratumumab plus lenalidomide and dexamethasone for untreated myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(22):2104-2115. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1817249.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline12. Alexanian, R, Bergsagel, DE, Migliore, PJ, Vaughn, WK, Howe, CD. Melphalan therapy for plasma cell myeloma. Blood. 1968;31(1):1-10.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline13. McElwain, TJ, Powles, RL. High-dose intravenous melphalan for plasma-cell leukaemia and myeloma. Lancet. 1983;2(8354):822-824. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(83)90739-0.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI14. Mateos, M-V, Dimopoulos, MA, Cavo, M, et al. Daratumumab plus bortezomib, melphalan, and prednisone for untreated myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2017;378(6):518-528. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1714678.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline15. Pepaxto (melphalan flufenamide) [package insert] . Stockholm, Sweden: Oncopeptides, 2021.
Google Scholar16. Bringhen, S, Voorhees, PM, Plesner, T, et al. Melflufen plus dexamethasone in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma: long-term survival follow-up from the phase II study O-12-M1. Br J Haematol. 2021;193(6):1105-1109. doi:10.1111/bjh.17302.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline17. Richardson, PG, Bringhen, S, Voorhees, P, et al. Melflufen plus dexamethasone in relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (O-12-M1): a multicentre, international, open-label, phase 1-2 study. Lancet Haematol. 2020;7(5):e395-e407. doi:10.1016/S2352-3026(20)30044-2.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline18. Richardson, PG, Oriol, A, Larocca, A, et al. Melflufen and dexamethasone in heavily pretreated relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol. 2021;39(7):757-767. doi:10.1200/jco.20.02259.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline19. Schjesvold, F, Robak, P, Pour, L, Aschan, J, Sonneveld, P. OCEAN: a randomized phase III study of melflufen + dexamethasone to treat relapsed refractory multiple myeloma. Future Oncol. 2020;16(11):631-641. doi:10.2217/fon-2020-0024.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline20. US Food & Drug Administration . FDA alerts patients and health care professionals about clinical trial results showing an increased risk of death associated with Pepaxto (melphalan flufenamide). Published 2021. Accessed December 7, 2021. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-alerts-patients-and-health-care-professionals-about-clinical-trial-results-showing-increased.
Google Scholar21. Ray, A, Ravillah, D, Das, DS, et al. A novel alkylating agent Melflufen induces irreversible DNA damage and cytotoxicity in multiple myeloma cells. Br J Haematol. 2016;174(3):397-409. doi:10.1111/bjh.14065.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline22. Chauhan, D, Ray, A, Viktorsson, K, et al. In vitro and in vivo antitumor activity of a novel alkylating agent, melphalan-flufenamide, against multiple myeloma cells. Clin Cancer Res. 2013;19(11):3019-3031. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.Ccr-12-3752.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline23. Kumar, S, Paiva, B, Anderson, KC, et al. International Myeloma Working Group consensus criteria for response and minimal residual disease assessment in multiple myeloma. Lancet Oncol. 2016;17(8):e328-e346. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(16)30206-6.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline24. Oncopeptide . On course with oncopeptides. Published February 2021. Accessed August 30, 2021. https://oncoursesupport.com.
Google Scholar25. Vogl, DT, Dingli, D, Cornell, RF, et al. Selective inhibition of nuclear export with oral selinexor for treatment of relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36(9):859-866. doi:10.1200/jco.2017.75.5207.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline26. Lonial, S, Lee, HC, Badros, A, et al. Belantamab mafodotin for relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (DREAMM-2): a two-arm, randomised, open-label, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol. 2020;21(2):207-221. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(19)30788-0.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline27. Blenrep (belantamab mafodotin) [prescribing information] . Resarch Triangle Park, NC: GlaxoSmithKline, 2020.
Google Scholar28. Xpovio (selinexor) [prescribing information] . Newton, MA: Karyopharm Therapeutics, 2021.
Google Scholar29. Chari, A, Vogl, DT, Gavriatopoulou, M, et al. Oral selinexor-dexamethasone for triple-class refractory multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(8):727-738. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1903455.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline30. Munshi, NC, Anderson, LD, Shah, N, et al. Idecabtagene vicleucel in relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(8):705-716. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2024850.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline31. Abecma (idecabtagene vicleucel) [prescribing information] . Summit, NJ: Celgene Corporation, 2021.
Google Scholar