1. Desai, D, Mehta, D, Mathias, P, Menon, G, Schubart, UK. Health care utilization and burden of diabetic ketoacidosis in the U.S. over the past decade: a nationwide analysis. Diabetes Care. 2018;41(8):1631-1638. doi:10.2337/dc17-1379
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline2. Kitabchi, AE, Umpierrez, GE, Miles, JM, Fisher, JN. Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:1335.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI3. Sodium Chloride Inj, USP 0.9% [package insert] . St. Louis, MO: Mallinckrodt Inc.
Google Scholar4. Chowdhury, AH, Cox, EF, Francis, ST, Lobo, DN. A randomized, controlled, double-blind crossover study on the effects of 2-L infusions of 0.9% saline and plasma-lyte® 148 on renal blood flow velocity and renal cortical tissue perfusion in healthy volunteers. Ann Surg. 2012;256(1):18-24. doi:10.1097/SLA.0b013e318256be72
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI5. Yunos, NM, Bellomo, R, Hegarty, C, Story, D, Ho, L, Bailey, M. Association between a chloride-liberal vs chloride-restrictive intravenous fluid administration strategy and kidney injury in critically ill adults. JAMA. 2012;308(15):1566-1572. doi:10.1001/jama.2012.13356.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI6. Self, WH, Semler, MW, Wanderer, JP, et al. Balanced crystalloids versus saline in noncritically ill adults. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(9):819-828. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1711586.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline7. Semler, MW, Self, WH, Wanderer, JP, et al. Balanced crystalloids versus saline in critically ill adults. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(9):829-839. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1711584.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline8. Van Zyl, DG, Rheeder, P, Delport, E. Fluid management in diabetic-acidosis—Ringer’s lactate versus normal saline: a randomized controlled trial. Quarterly Journal of Medicine. 2012;105:227-242. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcr226.
Google Scholar | Crossref9. Lactated Ringers [package insert] . Bethlehem, PA: B. Braun Medical Inc; 1994.
Google Scholar10. 2021 Average Sales Price Drug Pricing Files . Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. 2021 ASP Drug Pricing Files—CMS. Accessed October 16, 2021. https://www.cms.gov/medicare/medicare-part-b-drug-average-sales-price/2021-asp-drug-pricing-files
Google Scholar11. Zhang, Z, Xu, X, Fan, H, Li, D, Deng, H. Higher serum chloride concentrations are associated with acute kidney injury in unselected critically ill patients. BMC Nephrol. 2013;14:235. doi:10.1186/1471-2369-14-235.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline12. Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Clinical Practice Guideline for Acute Kidney Injury . http://kdigo.org/guidelines/. Accessed October 16, 2020
Google Scholar13. Neyra, JA, Canepa-Escaro, F, Li, X, et al. Acute kidney injury in critical illness study group. Association of hyperchloremia with hospital mortality in critically ill septic patients. Crit Care Med. 2015;43(9):1938-1944. doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000001161.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline14. Marttinen, M, Wilkman, E, Petaja, ¤ L, Suojaranta-Ylinen, R, Pettila¤, V, Vaara, ST. Association of plasma chloride values with acute kidney injury in the critically ill—a prospective observational study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2016;60(6):790-799. doi:10.1111/aas.12694.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline15. Lindner, G, Funk, GC. Hypernatremia in critically ill patients. J Crit Care. 2013;28(2):216.e11-220. doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2012.05.001.
Google Scholar | Crossref