1. Krentz, HB, Kliewer, G, Gill, MJ. Changing mortality rates and causes of death for HIV-infected individuals living in Southern Alberta, Canada from 1984-2003. HIV Med 2005; 6: 99–106.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI2. Palella, FJ, Delaney, KM, Moorman, AC, et al. Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. HIV Outpatient Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 1998; 338: 853–860.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI3. Egger, M, May, M, Chene, G, et al. Prognosis of HIV-1-infected patients starting highly active antiretroviral therapy: a collaborative analysis of prospective studies. Lancet 2002; 360: 119–129.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI4. Girardi, E, Sabin, CA, Monforte, AD. Late diagnosis of HIV infection: epidemiological features, consequences and strategies to encourage earlier testing. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2007; 46 (Suppl 1): s3–s8.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline5. Manitoba HIV Program . 2016 Manitoba HIV Program Update. Manitoba: Winnipeg, 2017.
Google Scholar6. Sterne, JA, May, M, Costagliola, D, et al. Timing of initiation of antiretroviral therapy in AIDS-free HIV-1-infected patients: a collaborative analysis of 18 HIV cohort studies. Lancet 2009; 373: 1352–1363. DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60612-7.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI7. Kitahata, MM, Gange, SJ, Abraham, AG, et al. Effect of early versus deferred antiretroviral therapy for HIV on survival. N Engl J Med 2009; 360: 1815–1826.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI8. Sellers, CJ, Wohl, DA. Antiretroviral therapy: when to start. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2014; 28: 403–420. DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2014.05.004.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline9. Williams, I, Churchill, D, Anderson, J, et al. British HIV Association guidelines for the treatment of HIV-1-positive adults with antiretroviral therapy 2012. HIV Med 2012; 13 Suppl 2: 1–85. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2012.01029.x.
Google Scholar | Crossref10. Department of Health and Human Services, Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents . 2021. Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in Adults and Adolescents with HIV. Department of Health and Human Services. Available at https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/sites/default/files/guidelines/documents/AdultandAdolescentGL.pdf
Google Scholar11. Cohen, MS, Chen, YQ, McCauley, M, et al. Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy. N Engl J Med 2011; 365: 493–505. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1105243.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI12. Public Health Agency of Canada . HIV/AIDS Epi Update July 2010. Ottawa: Public Health Agency of Canada, 2010.
Google Scholar13. Krentz, HB, Auld, MC, Gill, MJ. The high cost of medical care for patients who present late (CD4<200 cells/μL) with HIV infection. HIV Med 2004; 5: 93–98.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI14. Krentz, HB, Gill, MJ. The direct medical costs of late presentation (<350/mm) of HIV infection over a 15-year period. AIDS Res Treat 2012; 2012: 757135. DOI: 10.1155/2012/757135.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline15. Fisher, M . Late diagnosis of HIV infection: major consequences and missed opportunities. Curr Op Inf Dis 2008; 21: 1–2.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline16. May, M, Gompels, M, Delpech, V, et al. Impact of late diagnosis and treatment on life expectancy in people with HIV-1: UK Collaborative HIV Cohort (UK CHIC) Study. BMJ 2011; 343: d6016.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline17. Nakagawa, F, Lodwick, RK, Smith, CJ, et al. Projected life expectancy of people with HIV according to timing of diagnosis. AIDS 2011; 26(3): 335–343. DOI: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32834dcec9.
Google Scholar | Crossref18. Sudarshi, D, Pao, D, Murphy, G, et al. Missed opportunities for diagnosing primary HIV infection. Sex Transm Infect 2008; 84: 14–16.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI19. Duffus, WA, Weis, K, Kettinger, L, et al. Risk-based HIV testing in South Carolina health care settings failed to identify the majority of infected individuals. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2009; 23: 339–345.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI20. Burns, FM, Johnson, AM, Nazroo, J, et al., on behalf of the SONHIA Collaboration Group . Missed opportunities for earlier HIV diagnosis within primary and secondary healthcare settings in the UK. AIDS 2008; 22: 115–122.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI21. Sudarshi, D, Pao, D, Murphy, G, et al. Missed opportunities for diagnosing primary HIV infection. Sex Transm Infect 2008; 84: 14–16.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI22. Bernstein, KT, Marcus, JL, Nieri, G, et al. Rectal gonorrhea and chlamydia reinfection is associated with increased risk of HIV seroconversion. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2010; 53: 537–543. DOI: 10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181c3ef29.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI23. Shaw, SY, Ireland, L, McClarty, LM, et al. Prior history of testing for syphilis, hepatitis B and hepatitis C among a population-based cohort of HIV-positive individuals and their HIV-negative controls. AIDS Care 2017; 29(1): 67–72. DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2016.1200715.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline24. Wejnert, C, Prejean, J, Hoots, B, et al. Prevalence of missed opportunities for HIV testing among persons unaware of their infection. JAMA 2018; 319: 2555–2557. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2018.7611.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline25. Antoniou, T, Zagorski, B, Loutfy, MR, et al. Validation of case-finding algorithms derived from administrative data for identifying adults living with human immunodeficiency virus infection. PLoS One 2011; 6: e21748. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021748.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI26. Roos, LL, Nichol, JP. A research registry: uses, development, and accuracy. J Clin Epi 1999; 52: 39–47.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI27. Blanchard, JF, Ludwig, S, Wajda, A, et al. Incidence and prevalence of diabetes in Manitoba, 1986-1991. Diabetes Care 1996; 19: 807–811.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI28. Bernstein, CN, Blanchard, JF, Rawsthorne, P, et al. Epidemiology of Crohn's Disease and ulcerative colitis in a central Canadian province: a population-based study. Am J Epidemiol 1999; 149: 916–924.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI29. Lix, L, Yogendram, M, Mann, J. Defining and Validating Chronic Diseases: An Administrative Data Approach - an Update with ICD-10-CA. Manitoba Centre for Health Policy, 2008.
Google Scholar30. Wylie, JL, Jolly, AM. Patterns of chlamydia and gonorrhea infection in sexual networks in Manitoba, Canada. Sex Transm Dis 2001; 28: 14–24.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline31. Marrie, RA, Yu, BN, Leung, S, et al. Rising prevalence of vascular comorbidities in multiple sclerosis: validation of administrative definitions for diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. Mult Scler 2012; 18: 1310–1319. DOI: 10.1177/1352458512437814.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI32. Marrie, RA, Elliott, L, Marriott, J, et al. Effect of comorbidity on mortality in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2015; 85: 240–247. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000001718.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI33. Shaw, SY, Blanchard, JF, Bernstein, CN. Association between the use of antibiotics in the first year of life and pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105: 2687–2692. DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2010.398.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI34. Nag, D, Dey, S, Nandi, A, et al. Etiological study of lymphadenopathy in HIV-infected patients in a tertiary care hospital. J Cytol 2016; 33: 66–70. DOI: 10.4103/0970-9371.182518.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline35. Kaplan, JE, Spira, TJ, Fishbein, DB, et al. A six-year follow-up of HIV-infected homosexual men with lymphadenopathy. Evidence for an increased risk for developing AIDS after the third year of lymphadenopathy. JAMA 1988; 260: 2694–2697.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI36. Passos, AM, Treitinger, A, Spada, C. An overview of the mechanisms of HIV-related thrombocytopenia. Acta Haematol 2010; 124: 13–18. DOI: 10.1159/000313782.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline37. Singer, M . A dose of drugs, a touch of violence, a case of AIDS: conceptualizing the SAVA syndemic. Free Inquity Creat Sociol 1996; 24: 99–110.
Google Scholar38. Singer, M, Clair, S. Syndemics and public health: reconceptualizing disease in bio-social context. Med Anthropol Q 2003; 17: 423–441.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI39. Singer, MC, Erickson, PI, Badiane, L, et al. Syndemics, sex and the city: understanding sexually transmitted diseases in social and cultural context. Soc Sci Med 2006; 63: 2010–2021. DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.05.012.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI40. Rhodes, T . Risk theory in epidemic times: sex, drugs, and the social organization of "risk behaviour". Soc Health Ill 1997; 19: 208–227.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI41. Rhodes, T, Singer, M, Bourgois, P, et al. The social structural production of HIV risk among injecting drug users. Soc Sci Med 2005; 61: 1026–1044.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI42. Fulcher, C, Kaukinen, C. Mapping and visualizing the location HIV service providers: an exploratory spatial analysis of Toronto neighborhoods. AIDS Care 2005; 17: 386–396. DOI: 10.1080/09540120512331314312.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline43. Rhodes, T, Kimber, J, Small, W, et al. Public injecting and the need for 'safer environment interventions' in the reduction of drug-related harm. Addiction 2006; 101: 1384–1393. DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01556.x.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI44. Lewis, S. A system in name only--access, variation, and reform in Canada's provinces. N Engl J Med 2015; 372: 497–500. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMp1414409.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI45. Kim, TW, Kertesz, SG, Horton, NJ, et al. Episodic homelessness and health care utilization in a prospective cohort of HIV-infected persons with alcohol problems. BMC Health Serv Res 2006; 6: 19. DOI: 10.1186/1472-6963-6-19.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline46. Kendall, CE, Manuel, DG, Younger, J, et al. A population-based study evaluating family physicians' HIV experience and care of people living with HIV in Ontario. Ann Fam Med 2015; 13: 436–445. DOI: 10.1370/afm.1822.