1. Chan, KB, Lui, TH. Role of ankle arthroscopy in management of acute ankle fracture. Arthroscopy 2016; 32(11): 2373–2380. DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2016.08.016.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI2. Leung, KH, Fang, CX, Lau, TW, et al. Preoperative radiography versus computed tomography for surgical planning for ankle fractures. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong) 2016; 24(2): 158–162. DOI: 10.1177/1602400207.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI3. Yu, T, Ying, J, Liu, J, et al. Percutaneous posteroanterior screw fixation for Haraguchi type 1 posterior malleolar fracture in tri-malleolar fracture: operative technique and randomized clinical results. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong) 2021; 29(1): 2309499021997996. DOI: 10.1177/2309499021997996.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI4. Gupta, S, Virk, JS, Malhotra, A, et al. Fragment-specific fixation of trimalleolar fractures utilizing the posterolateral approach: a preliminary experience. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong) 2019 May-Aug; 27(2): 2309499019842289. DOI: 10.1177/2309499019842289.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals5. Franzone, JM, Vosseller, JT. Posterolateral approach for open reduction and internal fixation of a posterior malleolus fracture--hinging on an intact PITFL to disimpact the tibial plafond: a technical note. Foot Ankle Int 2013; 34(8): 1177–1181.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI6. Weber, M . Trimalleolar fractures with impaction of the posteromedial tibial plafond: implications for talar stability. Foot Ankle Int 2004; 25(10): 716–727.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI7. Kim, MB, Lee, YH, Kim, JH, et al. Lateral transmalleolar approach and miniscrews fixation for displaced posterolateral fragments of posterior malleolus fractures in adults: a consecutive study. J Orthop Trauma 2015; 29(2): 105–109. DOI: 10.1097/BOT.0000000000000155.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline8. Noh, KC, Hong, DY, Kim, YT, et al. Arthroscopic transfibular approach for removal of bone fragments in posterior malleolar fracture: technical tip. Foot Ankle Int 2015; 36(1): 108–112. DOI: 10.1177/1071100714551789.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI9. Lee, H-J, Kang, K-SK, Kang, S-Y, et al. Percutaneous reduction technique using a Kirschner wire for displaced posterior malleolar fractures. Foot Ankle Int 2009; 30(2): 157–159.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI10. Naqvi, GA, Cunningham, P, Lynch, B, et al. Fixation of ankle syndesmotic injuries: comparison of tightrope fixation and syndesmotic screw fixation for accuracy of syndesmotic reduction. Am J Sports Med 2012; 40(12): 2828–2835. DOI: 10.1177/0363546512461480.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI11. Murphy, JM, Kadakia, AR, Irwin, TA. Variability in radiographic medial clear space measurement of the normal weight-bearing ankle. Foot Ankle Int 2012; 33(11): 956–963. DOI: 10.3113/FAI.2012.0956.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI12. Olerud, C, Molander, H. A scoring for symptom evaluation after ankle fracture. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 1984; 103(3): 190–194.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI13. Gallagher, EJ1, Liebman, M, Bijur, PE. Prospective validation of clinically important changes in pain severity measured on a visual analog scale. Ann Emerg Med 2001; 38(6): 633–638.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI14. Lauge-Hansen, N . Fractures of the ankle. II. Combined experimental-surgical and experimental-roentgenologic investigations. Arch Surg 1950; 60(5): 957–985.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline15. Haraguchi, N, Haruyama, H, Toga, H, et al. Pathoanatomy of posterior malleolar fractures of the ankle. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2006; 88(5): 1085–1092.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI16. Macko, VW, Matthews, LS, Zwirkoski, P, et al. The joint-contact area of the ankle. The contribution of the posterior malleolus. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1991; 73(3): 347–351.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI17. Hartford, JM, Gorczyca, JT, McNamara, JL, et al. Tibiotalar contact area. Contribution of posterior malleolus and deltoid ligament. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1995; 320: 182–187.
Google Scholar18. van den Bekerom, MP, Haverkamp, D, Kloen, P. Biomechanical and clinical evaluation of posterior malleolar fractures. A systematic review of the literature. J Trauma 2009; 66(1): 279–284.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline19. Gardner, MJ, Streubel, PN, McCormick, JJ, et al. Surgeon practices regarding operative treatment of posterior malleolus fractures. Foot Ankle Int 2011; 32(4): 385–393.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI20. Hong, CCCC, Nashi, N, Prosad Roy, S, et al. Impact of trimalleolar ankle fractures: how do patients fare post-operatively? Foot Ankle Surg 2014; 20(1): 48–51. DOI: 10.1016/j.fas.2013.10.001.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline21. Young, KW, Kim, JS, Cho, JH, et al. Paratrooper’s ankle fracture: posterior malleolar fracture. Clin Orthop Surg 2015; 7(1): 15–21. DOI: 10.4055/cios.2015.7.1.15.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline22. Vosoughi, AR, Jayatilaka, MLT, Fischer, B, et al. CT analysis of the posteromedial fragment of the posterior malleolar fracture. Foot Ankle Int 2019; 40(6): 648–655. DOI: 10.1177/1071100719830999.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI23. Ferries, JS, DeCoster, TA, Firoozbakhsh, KK, et al. Plain radiographic interpretation in trimalleolar ankle fractures poorly assesses posterior fragment size. J Orthop Trauma 1994; 8(4): 328–331.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI24. Beisemann, N, Keil, H, Swartman, B, et al. Intraoperative 3D imaging leads to substantial revision rate in management of tibial plateau fractures in 559 cases. J Orthopaedic Surg Res 2019; 14(1): 236. DOI: 10.1186/s13018-019-1286-7.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline25. Franke, J, von Recum, J, Suda, AJ, et al. Intraoperative three-dimensional imaging in the treatment of acute unstable syndesmotic injuries. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2012; 94(15): 1386–1390. DOI: 10.2106/JBJS.K.01122.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI26. Vetter, SY, Euler, J, Beisemann, N, et al. Validation of radiological reduction criteria with intraoperative cone beam CT in unstable syndesmotic injuries. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 2020; 47: 897–903. DOI: 10.1007/s00068-020-01299-z.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline27. Kralinger, F, Lutz, M, Wambacher, M, et al. Arthroscopically assisted reconstruction and percutaneous screw fixation of a Pilon tibial fracture. Arthroscopy 2003; 19(5): E45. DOI: 10.1053/jars.2003.50165.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline28. Holt, ES . Arthroscopic visualization of the tibial plafond during posterior malleolar fracture fixation. Foot Ankle Int 1994; 15(4): 206–208.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI29. Martin, KD, Tripp, CT, Huh, J. Outcomes of posterior arthroscopic reduction and internal fixation (PARIF) for the posterior malleolar fragment in trimalleolar ankle fractures. Foot Ankle Int 2021; 42(2): 157–165. DOI: 10.1177/1071100720955149.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI30. Kim, HS, Jahng, JS, Kim, SS, et al. Treatment of tibial pilon fractures using ring fixators and arthroscopy. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1997; 334: 244–250.
Google Scholar | Crossref31. Atesok, K, Doral, MN, Whipple, T, et al. Arthroscopy-assisted fracture fixation. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2011; 19(2): 320–329. DOI: 10.1007/s00167-010-1298-7.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline32. Rossi, R, Castoldi, F, Blonna, D, et al. Arthroscopic treatment of lateral tibial plateau fractures: a simple technique. Arthroscopy 2006; 22(6): 678. e1–678. e6.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline33. Thaunat, M, Camelo Barbosa, N, Tuteja, S, et al. A fluoroscopy-free technique for percutaneous screw positioning during arthroscopic treatment of depression tibial plateau fractures. Arthrosc Tech 2016; 5(3): e507–e511. DOI: 10.1016/j.eats.2016.02.012.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline34. Suganuma, J, Akutsu, S. Arthroscopically assisted treatment of tibial plateau fractures. Arthroscopy 2004; 20(10): 1084–1089. DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2004.09.008.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline35. Lubowitz, JH, Elson, WS, Guttmann, D. Part I: arthroscopic management of tibial plateau fractures. Arthroscopy 2004; 20(10): 1063–1070. DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2004.09.001.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline36. Cha, S-D, Kwak, J-Y, Gwak, H-C, et al. Arthroscopic assessment of intra-articular lesion after surgery for rotational ankle fracture. Clin Orthop Surg 2015; 7(4): 490–496. DOI: 10.4055/cios.2015.7.4.490.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline37. Martin, KD . Posterior arthroscopic reduction and internal fixation for treatment of posterior malleolus fractures. Foot Ankle Int 2020; 41(1): 115–120. DOI: 10.1177/1071100719891978.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI38. Li, CHC, Lui, TH. Endoscopically assisted reduction and screw fixation of acute fracture of the posteromedial talar process (cedell fracture). Arthrosc Tech 2020; 9(8): e1147–e1153. DOI: 10.1016/j.eats.2020.04.014.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline39. Lui, TH . Arthroscopic and endoscopic management of posttraumatic hindfoot stiffness. Indian J Orthop 2018; 52(3): 304–308. DOI: 10.4103/ortho.IJOrtho_337_17.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline40. Lui, TH, Chan, WK, Chan, KB. The arthroscopic management of frozen ankle. Arthroscopy 2006; 22(3): 283–286. DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2005.12.012.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline