1. Antoniou, KM, Margaritopoulos, G, Economidou, F, et al. Pivotal clinical dilemmas in collagen vascular diseases associated with interstitial lung involvement. Eur Respir J 2009; 33: 882–896.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline2. Ng, KH, Chen, DY, Lin, CH, et al. Risk of interstitial lung disease in patients with newly diagnosed systemic autoimmune rheumatic disease: a nationwide, population-based cohort study. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2020; 50: 840–845.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline3. Fischer, A, Antoniou, KM, Brown, KK, et al. An official European Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society research statement: interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features. Eur Respir J 2015; 46: 976–987.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline4. Costabel, U, Uzaslan, E, Guzman, J. Bronchoalveolar lavage in drug-induced lung disease. Clin Chest Med 2004; 25: 25–35.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI5. Costabel, U . Atlas of bronchoalveolar lavage. London: Chapman and Hall Medical, 1998.
Google Scholar6. Hiwatari, N, Shimura, S, Takishima, T, et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage as a possible cause of acute exacerbation in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients. Tohoku J Exp Med 1994; 174: 379–386.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI7. Kim, DS, Park, JH, Park, BK, et al. Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: frequency and clinical features. Eur Respir J 2006; 27: 143–150.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI8. Sakamoto, K, Taniguchi, H, Kondoh, Y, et al. Acute exacerbation of IPF following diagnostic bronchoalveolar lavage procedures. Respir Med 2012; 106: 436–442.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline9. Molyneaux, PL, Smith, JJ, Saunders, P, et al. BAL is safe and well tolerated in individuals with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: an analysis of the PROFILE study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 203: 136–139.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline10. Baughman, RP . Technical aspects of bronchoalveolar lavage: recommendations for a standard procedure. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 28: 475–485.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline11. Meyer, KC, Raghu, G, Baughman, RP, et al. An official American Thoracic Society clinical practice guideline: the clinical utility of bronchoalveolar lavage cellular analysis in interstitial lung disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012; 185: 1004–1014.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline12. Kowal-Bielecka, O, Kowal, K, Chyczewska, E. Utility of bronchoalveolar lavage in evaluation of patients with connective tissue diseases. Clin Chest Med 2010; 31: 423–431.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline13. Kowal-Bielecka, O, Kowal, K, Highland, KB, et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in scleroderma interstitial lung disease: technical aspects and clinical correlations: review of the literature. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2010; 40: 73–88.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline14. Sun, XF, Liu, YJ, Xiao, Y, et al. Role of bronchoalveolar lavage for diagnosing pulmonary infection in patients with rheumatic autoimmune diseases and lung infiltrates. J Clin Rheumatol 2014; 20: 369–372.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline15. Patrucco, F, Albera, C, Bellocchia, M, et al. SARS-CoV-2 detection on bronchoalveolar lavage: an Italian multicenter experience. Respiration 2020; 99: 970–978.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline16. Tomassetti, S, Wells, AU, Costabel, U, et al. Bronchoscopic lung cryobiopsy increases diagnostic confidence in the multidisciplinary diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 193: 745–752.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline17. Hetzel, J, Wells, AU, Costabel, U, et al. Transbronchial cryobiopsy increases diagnostic confidence in interstitial lung disease: a prospective multicentre trial. Eur Respir J 2020; 56: 1901520.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline18. Domagala-Kulawik, J . The relevance of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid analysis for lung cancer patients. Expert Rev Respir Med 2020; 14: 329–337.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline19. Semenzato, G, Poletti, V. Bronchoalveolar lavage in lung cancer. Respiration 1992; 59(Suppl. 1): 44–46.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline20. Adams, TN, Batra, K, Silhan, L, et al. Utility of bronchoalveolar lavage and transbronchial biopsy in patients with interstitial lung disease. Lung 2020; 198: 803–810.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline21. Wells, AU, Hansell, DM, Rubens, MB, et al. Fibrosing alveolitis in systemic sclerosis. Bronchoalveolar lavage findings in relation to computed tomographic appearance. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 150: 462–468.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline22. Goh, NS, Veeraraghavan, S, Desai, SR, et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage cellular profiles in patients with systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease are not predictive of disease progression. Arthritis Rheum 2007; 56: 2005–2012.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline23. Bouros, D, Wells, AU, Nicholson, AG, et al. Histopathologic subsets of fibrosing alveolitis in patients with systemic sclerosis and their relationship to outcome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 165: 1581–1586.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI24. Tashkin, DP, Elashoff, R, Clements, PJ, et al. Cyclophosphamide versus placebo in scleroderma lung disease. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 2655–2666.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI25. Tashkin, DP, Elashoff, R, Clements, PJ, et al. Effects of 1-year treatment with cyclophosphamide on outcomes at 2 years in scleroderma lung disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 176: 1026–1034.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI26. Strange, C, Bolster, MB, Roth, MD, et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage and response to cyclophosphamide in scleroderma interstitial lung disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 177: 91–98.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline27. Wells, AU, Hansell, DM, Haslam, PL, et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage cellularity: lone cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis compared with the fibrosing alveolitis of systemic sclerosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157: 1474–1482.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline28. Wells, AU . The clinical utility of bronchoalveolar lavage in diffuse parenchymal lung disease. Eur Respir Rev 2010; 19: 237–241.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline29. Biederer, J, Schnabel, A, Muhle, C, et al. Correlation between HRCT findings, pulmonary function tests and bronchoalveolar lavage cytology in interstitial lung disease associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Eur Radiol 2004; 14: 272–280.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI30. Gabbay, E, Tarala, R, Will, R, et al. Interstitial lung disease in recent onset rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 156: 528–535.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI31. Marie, I, Hachulla, E, Cherin, P, et al. Interstitial lung disease in polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Arthritis Rheum 2002; 47: 614–622.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline32. Poletti, V, Romagna, M, Gasponi, A, et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage in the diagnosis of low-grade, MALT type, B-cell lymphoma in the lung. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 1995; 50: 191–194.
Google Scholar | Medline33. Wallaert, B, Prin, L, Hatron, PY, et al. Lymphocyte subpopulations in bronchoalveolar lavage in Sjogren’s syndrome. Evidence for an expansion of cytotoxic/suppressor subset in patients with alveolar neutrophilia. Chest 1987; 92: 1025–1031.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline34. Garcia, JG, Parhami, N, Killam, D, et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid evaluation in rheumatoid arthritis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986; 133: 450–454.
Google Scholar | Medline35. Tomassetti, S, Ryu, JH, Piciucchi, S, et al. Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia: what is the optimal approach to management? Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 37: 378–394.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline36. Kono, M, Miyashita, K, Hirama, R, et al. Prognostic significance of bronchoalveolar lavage cellular analysis in patients with acute exacerbation of interstitial lung disease. Respir Med 2021; 186: 106534.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline37. Salvador-Corres, I, Quirant-Sanchez, B, Teniente-Serra, A, et al. Detection of autoantibodies in bronchoalveolar lavage in patients with diffuse interstitial lung disease. Arch Bronconeumol 2021; 57: 351–358.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline38. Sakaida, H . [IgG rheumatoid factor in rheumatoid arthritis with interstitial lung disease]. Ryumachi 1995; 35: 671–677.
Google Scholar | Medline39. Klareskog, L, Stolt, P, Lundberg, K, et al. A new model for an etiology of rheumatoid arthritis: smoking may trigger HLA-DR (shared epitope)-restricted immune reactions to autoantigens modified by citrullination. Arthritis Rheum 2006; 54: 38–46.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline40. Takeshita, M, Suzuki, K, Nakazawa, M, et al. Antigen-driven autoantibody production in lungs of interstitial lung disease with autoimmune disease. J Autoimmun 2021; 121: 102661.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline41. Zhu, C, Zhao, YB, Kong, LF, et al. [The expression and clinical role of KL-6 in serum and BALF of patients with different diffuse interstitial lung diseases]. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi 2016; 39: 93–97.
Google Scholar | Medline42. Prasse, A, Pechkovsky, DV, Toews, GB, et al. CCL18 as an indicator of pulmonary fibrotic activity in idiopathic interstitial pneumonias and systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum 2007; 56: 1685–1693.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline43. Schmidt, K, Martinez-Gamboa, L, Meier, S, et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytokines and chemokines as markers and predictors for the outcome of interstitial lung disease in systemic sclerosis patients. Arthritis Res Ther 2009; 11: R111.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline44. Andersen, GN, Nilsson, K, Pourazar, J, et al. Bronchoalveolar matrix metalloproteinase 9 relates to restrictive lung function impairment in systemic sclerosis. Respir Med 2007; 101: 2199–2206.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI45. Nielepkowicz-Gozdzinska, A, Fendler, W, Robak, E, et al. Exhaled cytokines in systemic lupus erythematosus with lung involvement. Pol Arch Med Wewn 2013; 123: 141–148.
Google Scholar | Medline | ISI46. van Bon, L, Affandi, AJ, Broen, J, et al. Proteome-wide analysis and CXCL4 as a biomarker in systemic sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2014; 370: 433–443.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline47. Hasegawa, M, Fujimoto, M, Hamaguchi, Y, et al. Use of serum clara cell 16-kDa (CC16) levels as a potential indicator of active pulmonary fibrosis in systemic sclerosis. J Rheumatol 2011; 38: 877–884.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline48. Kodera, M, Hasegawa, M, Komura, K, et al. Serum pulmonary and activation-regulated chemokine/CCL18 levels in patients with systemic sclerosis: a sensitive indicator of active pulmonary fibrosis. Arthritis Rheum 2005; 52: 2889–2896.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline49. Tiev, KP, Hua-Huy, T, Ke