1. Joshi, D, James, A, Quaglia, A, et al. Liver disease in pregnancy. Lancet 2010; 375: 594–605.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline2. Giugliano, E, Cagnazzo, E, Pansini, G, et al. Ovarian stimulation and liver dysfunction: is a clinical relationship possible? A case of hepatic failure after repeated cycles of ovarian stimulation. Clin Exp Reprod Med 2013; 40: 38–41.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline3. Mother and Babies: Reducing Risk through Audits and Confidential Enquiries across the UK (MBRRACE-UK) . Saving lives, improving mothers’ care: lessons learned to inform maternity care from the UK and Ireland Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths and Morbidity 2015–17, https://www.npeu.ox.ac.uk/assets/downloads/mbrrace-uk/reports/MBRRACE-UK Maternal Report 2019 - WEB VERSION.pdf (accessed 17 November 2020).
Google Scholar4. Gonsalkorala, ES, Cannon, MD, Lim, TY, et al. Non-invasive markers (ALBI and APRI) predict pregnancy outcomes in women with chronic liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2019; 114: 267–275.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline5. Westbrook, RH, Yeoman, AD, O’Grady, JG, et al. Model for end-stage liver disease score predicts outcome in cirrhotic patients during pregnancy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 9: 694–699.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline6. Tran, TT, Ahn, J, Reau, NS. ACG clinical guideline: liver disease and pregnancy. Am J Gastroenterol 2016; 111: 176–194.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline7. Benjaminov, FS, Heathcote, J. Liver disease in pregnancy. Am J Gastroenterol 2004; 99: 2479–2488.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline8. Flemming, JA, Mullin, M, Lu, J, et al. Outcomes of pregnant women with cirrhosis and their infants in a population-based study. Gastroenterology. Epub ahead of print 8 August 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2020.07.052.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline9. Britton, RC. Pregnancy and esophageal varices. Am J Surg 1982; 143: 421–425.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline10. Pajor, A, Lehoczky, D. Pregnancy in liver cirrhosis: assessment of maternal and fetal risks in eleven patients and review of the management. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1994; 38: 45–50.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline11. Puljic, A, Salati, J, Doss, A, et al. Outcomes of pregnancies complicated by liver cirrhosis, portal hypertension, or esophageal varices. J Matern Neonatal Med 2016; 29: 506–509.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline12. Tolunay, HE, Aydin, M, Cim, N, et al. Maternal and fetal outcomes of pregnant women with hepatic cirrhosis. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2020; 2020: 5819819.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline13. Whelton, MJ, Sherlock, S. Pregnancy in patients with hepatic cirrhosis. Management and outcome. Lancet 1968; 2: 995–999.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline14. Shaheen, AAM, Myers, RP. The outcomes of pregnancy in patients with cirrhosis: a population-based study. Liver Int 2010; 30: 275–283.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline15. Aggarwal, N, Sawhney, H, Vasishta, K, et al. Non-cirrhotic portal hypertension in pregnancy. Int J Gynecol Obstet 2001; 72: 1–7.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline16. Ludvigsson, JF, Lebwohl, B, Ekbom, A, et al. Outcomes of pregnancies for women undergoing endoscopy while they were pregnant: a nationwide cohort study. Gastroenterology 2017; 152: 554–563.e9.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline17. Aggarwal, N, Negi, N, Aggarwal, A, et al. Pregnancy with portal hypertension. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2014; 4: 163–171.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline18. Starkel, P, Horsmans, Y, Geubel, A. Endoscopic band ligation: a safe technique to control bleeding esophageal varices in pregnancy. Gastrointest Endosc 1998; 48: 212–214.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline19. Dhiman, RK, Biswas, R, Aggarwal, N, et al. Management of variceal bleeding in pregnancy with endoscopic variceal ligation and N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate: report of three cases. Gastrointest Endosc 2000; 51: 91–93.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline20. Savage, C, Patel, J, Lepe, MR, et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt creation for recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding during pregnancy. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2007; 18: 902–904.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI21. Daher, CH, Gomes, AC, Kobayashi, S, et al. Ultrasonographic study and Doppler flow velocimetry of maternal kidneys and liver in low-risk pregnancy. Radiol Bras 2015; 48: 135–142.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline22. Nicolas, C, Ferrand, E, D’Alteroche, L, et al. Pregnancies after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for noncirrhotic portal hypertension. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 26: 488–490.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline23. Khan, F, Rowe, I, Martin, B, et al. Outcomes of pregnancy in patients with known Budd-Chiari syndrome. World J Hepatol 2017; 9: 945–952.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline24. Ghidirim, G, Mishin, I, Dolghii, A, et al. Prophylactic endoscopic band ligation of esophageal varices during pregnancy. J Gastrointest Liver Dis 2008; 17: 236–237.
Google Scholar | Medline25. Rasheed, SM, Abdel Monem, AM, Abd Ellah, AH, et al. Prognosis and determinants of pregnancy outcome among patients with post-hepatitis liver cirrhosis. Int J Gynecol Obstet 2013; 121: 247–251.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline26. Chaichian, S, Mehdizadeh, A, Akbarian, A, et al. Rupture of splenic artery aneurysm with portal hypertension during pregnancy: a case report. J Obstet Gynaecol Canada 2006; 28: 303–304.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline27. Sadat, U, Dar, O, Walsh, S, et al. Splenic artery aneurysms in pregnancy – a systematic review. Int J Surg 2008; 6: 261–265.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline28. McCarthy, CM, McCarthy, M, O’Donoghue, K. Recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma in pregnancy: a case report and literature review. Obstet Med 2019; 12: 202–204.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI29. Choi, KK, Hong YJ, Choi, SB, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma during pregnancy: Is hepatocellular carcinoma more aggressive in pregnant patients? J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci 2011; 18: 422–431.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline30. Milburn, J, Black, M, Ahmed, I, et al. Diagnosis and management of liver masses in pregnancy. Obstet Gynaecol 2016; 18: 43–51.
Google Scholar | Crossref31. Aggarwal, N, Sawnhey, H, Suril, V, et al. Pregnancy and cirrhosis of the liver. Aust New Zeal J Obstet Gynaecol 1999; 39: 506–506.
Google Scholar | Medline32. Murthy, SK, Heathcote, EJ, Nguyen, GC Impact of cirrhosis and liver transplant on maternal health during labor and delivery. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 7: 1367–1372.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline33. Hagström, H, Höijer, J, Marschall, H-U, et al. Outcomes of pregnancy in mothers with cirrhosis: a national population-based cohort study of 1.3 million pregnancies. Hepatol Commun 2018; 2: 1299–1305.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline34. Marschall, HU, Wikström Shemer, E, Ludvigsson, JF, et al. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy and associated hepatobiliary disease: a population-based cohort study. Hepatology 2013; 58: 1385–1391.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline35. Lampertico, P, Agarwal, K, Berg, T, et al . EASL 2017 clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol 2017; 67: 370–398.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline36. Pergam, SA, Wang, CC, Gardella, CM, et al. Pregnancy complications associated with hepatitis C: data from 2003–2005 Washington State birth cohort. Am J Obstet Gyneco 2008; 38: e1–9.
Google Scholar37. Schramm, C, Herkel, J, Beuers, U, et al. Pregnancy in autoimmune hepatitis: outcome and risk factors. Am J Gastroenterol 2006; 101: 556–560.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI38. Westbrook, RH, Yeoman, AD, Kriese, S, et al. Outcomes of pregnancy in women with autoimmune hepatitis. J Autoimmun 2012; 38: J239–J244.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline39. Cauldwell, M, Mackie, FL, Steer, PJ, et al. Pregnancy outcomes in women with primary biliary cholangitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis: a retrospective cohort study. BJOG 2020; 127: 876–884.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline40. Efe, C, Kahramanoğlu-Aksoy, E, Yilmaz, B, et al. Pregnancy in women with primary biliary cirrhosis. Autoimmun Rev 2014; 13: 931–935.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline41. Pfeiffenberger, J, Beinhardt, S, Gotthardt, DN, et al. Pregnancy in Wilson’s disease: management and outcome. Hepatology 2018; 67: 1261–1269.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline42. Roberts, EA, Schilsky, ML. Diagnosis and treatment of Wilson disease: an update. Hepatology 2008; 47: 2089–2111.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI43. Curtis, KM, Tepper, NK, Jatlaoui, TC, et al. U.S. medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use, 2016. MMWR Recomm Rep 2016; 29: 1–103.
Google Scholar44. Drugs.com. ParaGard, https://www.drugs.com/pro/paragard.html#_5_9__Bleeding (accessed 17 November 2020).
Google Scholar