1. World Bank . World Bank Indicators, Data. Washington, DC: World Bank Group; 2016.
Google Scholar2. Grekou, C, Perez, R. Child mortality in sub-Saharan Africa: why public health spending matters. EconomiX (28) Working Papers from University of Paris West-Nanterre la Défense, EconomiX; 2014.
Google Scholar3. Novignon, J, Olakojo, SA, Nonvignon, J. The effects of public and private health care expenditure on health status in sub-Saharan Africa: new evidence from panel data analysis. Health Econ Rev. 2012; 2(1):22.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline4. Hanmer, L, Lensink, R, White, H. Infant and child mortality in developing countries: analyzing the data for robust determinants. J Dev Stud. 2003; 40(1):101–118.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI5. Khan, M. Governance and Development: The Perspective of Growth-Enhancing Governance. Tokyo, Japan: GRIPS Development Forum/National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies.
Google Scholar6. Çevik, S, Taşar, MO. Public spending on health care and health outcomes: cross-country comparison. J Bus Econ Finance. 2013; 2(4):82–100.
Google Scholar7. Pritchett, L. Mind Your P’s and Q’s: The Cost of Public Investment Is Not the Value of Public Capital. Washington, DC: World Bank; 1996.
Google Scholar8. Anyanwu, J, Erhijakpor, AE. Working Paper 92-Education Expenditures and School Enrolment in Africa: Illustrations from Nigeria and Other SANE Countries; 2007.
Google Scholar9. Filmer, D, Pritchett, L. The impact of public spending on health: does money matter? Soc Sci Med. 1999; 49(10):1309–1323.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI10. Rajkumar, AS, Swaroop, V. Public spending and outcomes: does governance matter? J Dev Econ. 2008; 86(1):96–111.
Google Scholar | Crossref11. Hitiris, T, Posnett, J. The determinants and effects of health expenditure in developed countries. J Health Econ. 1992; 11(2):173–181.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline12. Makinen, M, Waters, H, Rauch, M, et al. Inequalities in health care use and expenditures: empirical data from eight developing countries and countries in transition. Bull World Health Org. 2000; 78(1):55–65.
Google Scholar | Medline | ISI13. Gupta, S, Davoodi, HR, Tiongson, E. Corruption and the Provision of Health Care and Education Services. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund; 2000.
Google Scholar14. Parsitau, DS. Keep holy distance and abstain till he comes: interrogating a Pentecostal Church’s engagements with HIV/AIDS and the youth in Kenya. Africa Today. 2009; 56(1):45–64.
Google Scholar | Crossref15. Shandra, JM, Nobles, JE, London, B, Williamson, JB. Multinational corporations, democracy and child mortality: a quantitative, cross-national analysis of developing countries. Soc Indic Res. 2005; 73(2):267–293.
Google Scholar | Crossref16. Pandolfelli, LE, Shandra, JM. The African development bank, structural adjustment, and child mortality: a cross-national analysis of Sub-Saharan Africa. Int J Health Serv. 2013; 43(2):337–361.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI17. Factor, R, Kang, M. Corruption and population health outcomes: an analysis of data from 133 countries using structural equation modeling. Int J Public Health. 2015; 60(6):633–641.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline18. Hu, B, Mendoza, RU. Public health spending, governance and child health outcomes: revisiting the links. J Hum Dev Capab. 2013; 14(2):285–311.
Google Scholar | Crossref19. Lee, CS. Income inequality, democracy, and public sector size. Am Sociol Rev. 2005; 70(1):158–181.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI20. Holmberg, S, Rothstein, B, Nasiritousi, N. Quality of government: what you get. Ann Rev Polit Sci. 2009; 12:135–161.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI21. Lazarova, EA. Governance in relation to infant mortality rate: evidence from around the world. Ann Public Cooperat Econ. 2006; 77(3):385–394.
Google Scholar | Crossref22. Campos, NF, Nugent, JB. Development performance and the institutions of governance: evidence from East Asia and Latin America. World Dev. 1999; 27(3):439–452.
Google Scholar | Crossref23. Evans, P, Rauch, JE. Bureaucracy and growth: a cross-national analysis of the effects of “Weberian” state structures on economic growth. Am Sociol Rev. 1999;64(5):748–765.
Google Scholar | Crossref24. Dawson, A. State capacity and the political economy of child mortality in developing countries revisited: from fiscal sociology towards the rule of law. Int J Comp Sociol. 2010; 51(6):403–422.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI25. Kaufmann, D, Kraay, A. The Worldwide Governance Indicators Project. Washington, DC: The World Bank Group; 2015.
Google Scholar26. Evans, PB. Predatory, developmental, and other apparatuses: a comparative political economy perspective on the third world state. Sociol Forum. 1989; 4(4):561–587.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI27. Shen, C, Williamson, JB. Child mortality, women’s status, economic dependency, and state strength: a cross-national study of less developed countries. Soc Forces. 1997; 76(2):667–700.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI28. Shen, C, Williamson, JB. Accounting for cross-national differences in infant mortality decline (1965–1991) among less developed countries: effects of women’s status, economic dependency, and state strength. Soc Indic Res. 2001; 53(3):257–288.
Google Scholar | Crossref29. Brady, D, Bostic, A. Paradoxes of social policy: welfare transfers, relative poverty, and redistribution preferences. Am Sociol Rev. 2015; 80(2):268–298.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI30. Korpi, W, Palme, J. The paradox of redistribution and strategies of equality: welfare state institutions, inequality, and poverty in the Western countries. Am Sociol Rev. 1998;63(5):661–687.
Google Scholar | Crossref31. Keep, M. Health Expenditure: International Comparisons. London, England: House of Commons Library, Standard Notes SN/SG/2584; 2011.
Google Scholar32. Pandolfelli, LE, Shandra, J, Tyagi, J. The International Monetary Fund, structural adjustment, and women’s health: a cross-national analysis of maternal mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa. Sociol Q. 2014; 55(1):119–142.
Google Scholar | Crossref33. Gupta, S, Verhoeven, M, Tiongson, ER. The effectiveness of government spending on education and health care in developing and transition economies. Eur J Polit Econ. 2002; 18(4):717–737.
Google Scholar | Crossref34. Devarajan, S, Swaroop, V, Zou, HF. The composition of public expenditure and economic growth. J Monet Econ. 1996; 37(2):313–344.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI35. Kaufmann, D, Kraay, A, Mastruzzi, M. The Worldwide Governance Indicators: A Summary of Methodology, Data and Analytical Issues. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 5430; 2010.
Google Scholar36. Ghobarah, HA, Huth, P, Russett, B. The post-war public health effects of civil conflict. Soc Sci Med. 2004; 59(4):869–884.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI37. Spiegel, PB, Checchi, F, Colombo, S, Paik, E. Health-care needs of people affected by conflict: future trends and changing frameworks. Lancet. 2010; 375(9711):341–345.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI38. Urdal, H, Che, CP. War and gender inequalities in health: the impact of armed conflict on fertility and maternal mortality. Int Interact. 2013; 39(4):489–510.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI39. Kar, D, LeBlanc, B. Illicit Financial Flows From Developing Countries: 2002–2011. Washington, DC: Global Financial Integrity; 2013.
Google Scholar40. Villegas, A, Morales, A, Andersson, N. Popular Perceptions of Corruption in Public Services: Key Findings of the First National Integrity Survey in Bolivia [Unpublished manuscript]. New York, NY: CIET International; 1998.
Google Scholar41. Rothstein, B, Stolle, D. The state and social capital: an institutional theory of generalized trust. Comparat Polit. 2008; 40(4):441–459.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI42. Akçay, S. Corruption and human development. Cato J. 2006; 26:29.
Google Scholar43. Gupta, S, Davoodi, H, Alonso-Terme, R. Does corruption affect income inequality and poverty? Econ Govern. 2002; 25(3):23–45.
Google Scholar | Crossref44. World Health Organization. Global Health Observatory (GHO) Data, Maternal Mortality. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization ; 2015.
Google Scholar 45. UNICEF. Health: The Big Picture. http://www.unicef.org/health/index_bigpicture.html. Published 2008. Accessed September 14, 2020.
Google Scholar46. Bates, RH. Prosperity and Violence: The Political Economy of Development. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Co; 2010.
Google Scholar47. Esman, MJ, Uphoff, NT. Local Organizations: Intermediaries in Rural Development. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press; 1984.
Google Scholar48. Saksena, P, Xu, K, Elovainio, R, Perrot, J. Health services utilization and out-of-pocket expenditure at public and private facilities in low-income countries. World Health Rep. 2010;20: 20.
Google Scholar49. Transparency International UK . Corruption: Cost for Developing Countries. London, England: Transparency International: The Global Coalition Against Corruption; 2015.
Google Scholar50. Halaby, CN. Panel models in sociological research: theory into practice. Annu Rev Sociol. 2004; 30:507–544.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI51. Hsiao, C. Analysis of Panel Data. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press; 2014.
Google Scholar | Crossref52. York, R, Rosa, EA, Dietz, T. STIRPAT, IPAT and ImPACT: analytic tools for unpacking the driving forces of environmental impacts. Ecol Econ. 2003; 46(3):351–365.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI53. Shandra, JM, Nobles, J, London, B, Williamson, JB. Dependency, democracy, and infant mortality: a quantitative, cross-national analysis of less developed countries. Soc Sci Med. 2004; 59(2):321–333.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI54. Jorgenson, AK, Clark, B. The economy, military, and ecologically unequal exchange relationships in comparative perspective: a panel study of the ecological footprints of nations, 1975–2000. Soc Probl. 2009; 56(4):621–646.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI55. Jorgenson, AK, Dick, C, Mahutga, MC. Foreign investment dependence and the environment: an ecostructural approach. Soc Probl. 2007; 54(3):371–394.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI56. Rice, J. Material consumption and social well-being within the periphery of the world economy: an ecological analysis of maternal mortality. Soc Sci Res. 2008; 37(4):1292–1309.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI57. Vanhanen, T. Global Inequality: As a Consequence of Human Diversity: A New Theory Tested by Empirical Evidence. London, England: Ulster Institute for Social Research; 2014.
Google Scholar58. Lake, DA, Baum, MA. The invisible hand of democracy: political control and the provision of public services. Comp Polit Stud. 2001; 34(6):587–621.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI59. Zweifel, TD, Navia, P. Democracy, dictatorship, and infant mortality. J Democr. 2000; 11(2):99–114.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI60. Foster, G, Williamson, J. A review of current literature on the impact of HIV/AIDS on children in Sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS. 2000; 14(3):275–284.
Google Scholar | Medline61. Scanlan, SJ. Gender, development, and HIV/AIDS: implications for child mortality in less industrialized countries. Int J Comp Sociol. 2010; 51(3):211–232.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI62. Schultz, TP. Human capital, family planning, and their effects on population growth. Am Econ Rev. 1994; 84(2):255–260.