Alroughani, R, Boyko, A (2018) Pediatric multiple sclerosis: a review. BMC Neurology 18(1): 27.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Amezcua, L, McCauley, JL (2020) Race and ethnicity on MS presentation and disease course. Multiple Sclerosis Journal 26(5): 561–567.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI Anda, RF, Brown, DW, Felitti, VJ, et al. (2007) Adverse childhood experiences and prescribed psychotropic medications in adults. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 32(5): 389–394.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Baumeister, D, Akhtar, R, Ciufolini, S, et al. (2016) Childhood trauma and adulthood inflammation: a meta-analysis of peripheral C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-α. Molecular Psychiatry 21(5): 642–649.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Bellis, MA, Lowey, H, Leckenby, N, et al. (2014) Adverse childhood experiences: retrospective study to determine their impact on adult health behaviours and health outcomes in a UK population. Journal of Public Health 36(1): 81–91.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Bernstein, DP, Stein, JA, Newcomb, MD, et al. (2003) Development and validation of a brief screening version of the childhood trauma questionnaire. Child Abuse and Neglect 27(2): 169–190.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI Bottasso, O (2018) Chronic Infections and the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis in the context of immune-mediated inflammation. Advances in Neuroimmune Biology 7(1): 79–89.
Google Scholar | Crossref Briggs, FB, Hill, E (2020) Estimating the prevalence of multiple sclerosis using 56.6 million electronic health records from the United States. Multiple Sclerosis Journal 26(14): 1948–1952.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI Bruce, JM, Hancock, LM, Arnett, P, et al. (2010) Treatment adherence in multiple sclerosis: association with emotional status, personality, and cognition. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 33(3): 219–227.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI Calandri, E, Graziano, F, Borghi, M, et al. (2017) Coping strategies and adjustment to multiple sclerosis among recently diagnosed patients: the mediating role of sense of coherence. Clinical Rehabilitation 31(10): 1386–1395.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI Chalk, HM (2007) Mind over matter: cognitive–behavioral determinants of emotional distress in multiple sclerosis patients. Psychology, Health & Medicine 12(5): 556–566.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Chapman, DP, Whitfield, CL, Felitti, VJ, et al. (2004) Adverse childhood experiences and the risk of depressive disorders in adulthood. Journal of Affective Disorders 82(2): 217–225.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI Chrousos, GP (1995) The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and immune-mediated inflammation. The New England Journal of Medicine 332(20): 1351–1363.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI Colligan, E, Metzler, A, Tiryaki, E (2017) Shared decision-making in multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis Journal 23(2): 185–190.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI Danese, A, McEwen, BS (2012) Adverse childhood experiences, allostasis, allostatic load, and age-related disease. Physiology and Behavior 106(1): 29–39.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI DeQuattro, K, Trupin, L, Li, J, et al. (2020) Relationships between adverse childhood experiences and health status in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Care and Research 72(4): 525–533.
Google Scholar | Crossref Dube, SR, Fairweather, D, Pearson, WS, et al. (2009) Cumulative childhood stress and autoimmune diseases in adults. Psychosomatic Medicine 71(2): 243.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI Eikelenboom, N, Smeele, I, Faber, M, et al. (2015) Validation of self-management screening (SeMaS), a tool to facilitate personalised counselling and support of patients with chronic diseases. BMC Family Practice 16(1): 165.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Eikelenboom, N, van Lieshout, J, Wensing, M, et al. (2013) Implementation of personalized self-management support using the self-management screening questionnaire SeMaS; a study protocol for a cluster randomized trial. Trials 14(1): 1–9.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Faravelli, C, Sauro, CL, Godini, L, et al. (2012) Childhood stressful events, HPA axis and anxiety disorders. World Journal of Psychiatry 2(1): 13.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Felitti, VJ, Anda, RF, Nordenberg, D, et al. (1998) Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The adverse childhood experiences (ACE) study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 14(4): 245–258.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI Filippi, M, Brück, W, Chard, D, et al. (2019) Association between pathological and MRI findings in multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurology 18(2): 198–210.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Giordano, A, Uccelli, MM, Pucci, E, et al. (2010) The multiple sclerosis knowledge questionnaire: a self-administered instrument for recently diagnosed patients. Multiple Sclerosis Journal 16(1): 100–111.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI Goretti, B, Portaccio, E, Zipoli, V, et al. (2010) Coping strategies, cognitive impairment, psychological variables and their relationship with quality of life in multiple sclerosis. Neurological Sciences 31(2): 227–230.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Grech, LB, Kiropoulos, LA, Kirby, KM, et al. (2018) Target coping strategies for interventions aimed at maximizing psychosocial adjustment in people with multiple sclerosis. International Journal of MS Care 20(3): 109–119.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Heesen, C, Kasper, J, Köpke, S, et al. (2007) Informed shared decision making in multiple sclerosis—inevitable or impossible? Journal of the Neurological Sciences 259(1–2): 109–117.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Heesen, C, Kasper, J, Segal, J, et al. (2004) Decisional role preferences, risk knowledge and information interests in patients with multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis Journal 10(6): 643–650.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI Heim, C, Newport, DJ, Mletzko, T, et al. (2008) The link between childhood trauma and depression: insights from HPA axis studies in humans. Psychoneuroendocrinology 33(6): 693–710.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Hillis, SD, Anda, RF, Felitti, VJ, et al. (2001) Adverse childhood experiences and sexual risk behaviors in women: a retrospective cohort study. Family Planning Perspectives 33(5): 206–211.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Holland, D, Schlüter, D, Young, C, et al. (2019) Use of coping strategies in multiple sclerosis: Association with demographic and disease-related characteristics. Multiple sclerosis and related disorders 27: 214–222.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Hughes, K, Bellis, MA, Hardcastle, KA, et al. (2017) The effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Public Health 2(8): e356–e366.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline IBM Corp (2017) Released. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 25.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.
Google Scholar Johnson, J (2003) On receiving the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: managing the transition. . Multiple Sclerosis Journal 9(1): 82–88.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI Lucchinetti, CF, Popescu, BF, Bunyan, RF, et al. (2011) Inflammatory cortical demyelination in early multiple sclerosis. The New England Journal of Medicine 365(23): 2188–2197.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI Luiz, APL, Antico, HA, Skare, TL, et al. (2018) Adverse childhood experience and rheumatic diseases. Clinical Rheumatology 37(10): 2863–2867.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline McEwen, BS (2012) Brain on stress: how the social environment gets under the skin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109(suppl 2): 17180–17185.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI McEwen, BS (2016) In pursuit of resilience: stress, epigenetics, and brain plasticity. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1373(1): 56–64.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline McEwen, BS, Gianaros, PJ (2011) Stress-and allostasis-induced brain plasticity. Annual Review of Medicine 62: 431–445.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI McHorney, CA, Ware, JE, Lu, JR, et al. (1994) The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36): III. Tests of data quality, scaling assumptions, and reliability across diverse patient groups. Medical Care 33(5): 40–66.
Google Scholar | Crossref McHorney, CA, Ware, JE, Raczek, AE (1993) The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36): II. Psychometric and clinical tests of validity in measuring physical and mental health constructs. Medical Care 31(3): 247–263.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI Merrick, MT, Ford, DC, Ports, KA, et al. (2019) Vital signs: Estimated proportion of adult health problems attributable to adverse childhood experiences and implications for prevention—25 States, 2015–2017. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 68(44): 999.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Merrick, MT, Ports, KA, Ford, DC, et al. (2017) Unpacking the impact of adverse childhood experiences on adult mental health. Child Abuse and Neglect 69: 10–19.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Miller, GE, Chen, E, Zhou, ES (2007) If it goes up, must it come down? Chronic stress and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis in humans. Psychological Bulletin 133(1): 25.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI Nurius, PS, Green, S, Logan-Greene, P, et al. (2015) Life course pathways of adverse childhood experiences toward adult psychological well-being: A stress process analysis. Child Abuse and Neglect 45: 143–153.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI Patten, SB, Marrie, RA, Carta, MG (2017) Depression in multiple sclerosis. International Review of Psychiatry 29(5): 463–472.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Rabinowitz, AR, Arnett, PA (2009) A longitudinal analysis of cognitive dysfunction, coping, and depression in multiple sclerosis. Neuropsychology 23(5): 581.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI Roubinov, DS, Turner, AP, Williams, RM (2015) Coping among individuals with multiple sclerosis: Evaluating a goodness-of-fit model. Rehabilitation Psychology 60(2): 162.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Sachs-Ericsson, NJ, Rushing, NC, Stanley, IH, et al. (2016) In my end is my beginning: developmental trajectories of adverse childhood experiences to late-life suicide. Aging and Mental Health 20(2): 139–165.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Schilling, EA, Aseltine, RH, Gore, S (