This study was supported by grants from The Netherlands Organization for Health Research (ZonMw), VIDI grant awarded to Prof. Dr. O.A. van den Heuvel (project number: 91717306), VICI grant awarded to Prof. Dr. H. Tiemeier (project number: 016.VICI.170.200). Dr. C. Vriend received a grant from Brain Foundation (Hersenstichting) Netherlands (HA-2017-00227). Dr. C. Huyser received funding from the Academic Medical Center and ONWAR Graduate School for Neuroscience. Prof. Dr. Y. D. van den Werf is a subawardee of the National Institute on Aging (NIA) Research Project Grant Program (1R01AG058854-01A1). The general design of the Generation R Study is made possible by financial support from the Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Erasmus University Rotterdam, ZonMw, the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), and the Ministry of Health, Welfare, and Sport. Neuroimaging and the neuroimaging infrastructure was supported by the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development (ZonMw) TOP grant awarded to Dr. T. White (project number 91211021).

This work has been prospectively registered: https://osf.io/28a43.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization: Weeland, van den Heuvel

Data curation: Weeland

Formal analysis: Weeland

Funding acquisition: Tiemeier, White, van den Heuvel

Methodology: Weeland, Vriend, Hillegers, Tiemeier, White, van den Heuvel

Project administration: van den Heuvel

Resources: Tiemeier, White

Software: Weeland, Vriend

Supervision: van den Heuvel

Visualization: Weeland

Writing – original draft: Weeland, White, van den Heuvel

Writing – review and editing: Weeland, Vriend, van der Werf, Huyser, Hillegers, Tiemeier, White, van den Heuvel

The authors gratefully acknowledge the contribution of children and parents, general practitioners, hospitals, midwives, and pharmacies in Rotterdam for their participation in the Generation R study. The Generation R Study is conducted by the Erasmus Medical Center in close collaboration with the School of Law and Faculty of Social Sciences of the Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Municipal Health Service Rotterdam area, Rotterdam, the Rotterdam Homecare Foundation, Rotterdam, and the Stichting Trombosedienst en Artsenlaboratorium Rijnmond (STAR-MDC), Rotterdam.

Disclosure: Dr. Vriend has been listed as an inventor on a patent licensed to General Electronic (WO2018115148A1). Dr. White has received grant or research support from the Sophia Children's Hospital Foundation, the Dutch Research Council (Nationale wetenschappelijke organisatie; NWO), and the US National Institutes of Health. She has served on the scientific advisory board/DSMB of the University of Bergen Center for Brain Plasticity. She is the Editor-in-Chief of Aperture Neuro and has served on the editorial board of Neuroinformatics. Dr. van den Heuvel has received a consultation honorarium from Lundbeck, Ltd. Drs. Weeland, van der Werf, Huyser, Hillegers, and Tiemeier have reported no biomedical financial interests or potential conflicts of interest.