PEHosseini et al.67Hosseini SR Mohseni MG Alizadeh F. Impact of varicocelectomy on urine dopamine value in patients with premature ejaculation and varicocele.Prospective clinical trial51 infertile men with PE and clinical grade 2 or 3 varicoceleMicrosurgical varicocelectomyStatistically significant increase in urine Dopamine levels one month after varicocelectomy3REShoshany et al.72Shoshany O Abhyankar N Elyaguov J et al.Efficacy of treatment with pseudoephedrine in men with retrograde ejaculation.
Retrospective cohort20 men with RE (12 complete, 8 partial)60mg pseudoephedrine every 6 h on the day before semen analysis and 2 × 60 mg on the day of semen analysis7/12 (58%) complete RE recovered spermatozoa in an antegrade ejaculate
5/8 partial RE had ≥ 50% increase in antegrade total sperm count3Hu et al.73Hu J Nagao K Tai T et al.Randomized crossover trial of amoxapine versus vitamin B12for retrograde ejaculation.RCT26 men with complete RE (13 in each group)Amoxapine 50mg daily for 4 weeks → 1 week washout → Vit B12 500ug 3 times per day for 4 weeks
Crossover to:
Vit B12 500 ug 3 times per day for 4 weeks
→ 1 week washout → Amoxapine 50mg daily for 4 weeksAntegrade ejaculation during treatment:
Amoxapine: 20/25 (80%)
Vit B12: 4/25 (16%)2Kurbatov et al.74Kurbatov D Russo GI Galstyan GR et al.Correction of retrograde ejaculation in patients with diabetes mellitus using endourethral collagen injection: Preliminary results.RCT24 men with complete RE due to DM1 refractory to Imipramine (12 in each group)Endourethral collagen injection vs. endourethral saline injectionBetter antegrade volume after collagen injection (mean difference: 0.71ml, P < .05)2Arafa et al.75Medical treatment of retrograde ejaculation in diabetic patients: A hope for spontaneous pregnancy.Prospective clinical trial33 RE patients due to diabetes (23 complete, 10 partial)Three sequential courses: Imipramine 25 mg twice/day, pseudoephidrine 120 mg twice/day, or combination of the two drugs.Antegrade ejaculate in complete RE:
- imipramine 10 patients (38.5%)
- pseudoephedrine 11 patients (47.8%)
- both drugs together 16 patients (61.5%)
Partial RE: significant increase in semen parameters in all groups3Ochsenkühn et al.76Ochsenkühn R Kamischke A Nieschlag E. Imipramine for successful treatment of retrograde ejaculation caused by retroperitoneal surgery.Retrospective cohort11 men with RE due to retroperitoneal surgery (7 complete, 4 partial)Imipramine:  increasing from 25 to 50 mg for 7 days prior to the planned ejaculation or expected ovulation of female partnerAntegrade ejaculate obtained in all men3AnejaculationMeng et al.77Meng X Fan L Wang T et al.Electroejaculation combined with assisted reproductive technology in psychogenic anejaculation patients refractory to penile vibratory stimulation.Retrospective cohort20 men with psychogenic anejaculation refractory to PVSEEJSuccessful retrieval in all men2*

Studies showing a dramatic effect of the investigated treatment EEJ = electroejaculation; PE = premature ejaculation; PVS = penile vibratory stimulation; RE = retrograde ejaculation; SCI = spinal cord injury

Soeterik et al.78Electroejaculation performed in patients with spinal cord lesion-a single center 21 years experience.Retrospective cohort47 SCI menEEJSpermatozoa found in 199/230 EEJ attempts (86.5%)2*

Studies showing a dramatic effect of the investigated treatment EEJ = electroejaculation; PE = premature ejaculation; PVS = penile vibratory stimulation; RE = retrograde ejaculation; SCI = spinal cord injury

Castle et al.95Castle SM Jenkins LC Ibrahim E et al.Safety and efficacy of a new device for inducing ejaculation in men with spinal cord injuries.Prospective cohort30 SCI menPVSSuccessful retrieval in 23/30 (76.7%) of the men2*

Studies showing a dramatic effect of the investigated treatment EEJ = electroejaculation; PE = premature ejaculation; PVS = penile vibratory stimulation; RE = retrograde ejaculation; SCI = spinal cord injury

Meng et al.98Meng X Fan L Liu J et al.Fresh semen quality in ejaculates produced by nocturnal emission in men with idiopathic anejaculation.Case-control91 idiopathic anejaculation vs. 60 healthy fertile controlsIn the anejaculatory group: A stepwise approach using nocturnal emission (NE), PVS and EEJ
In the control group: masturbationSuccessful retrieval in all men (10 from NE, 40 from PVS, 41 from EEJ and from masturbation in all 60 controls)4Gat et al.88Gat I Maman E Yerushalmi G et al.Electroejaculation combined with intracytoplasmic sperm injection in patients with psychogenic anejaculation yields comparable results to patients with spinal cord injuries.Retrospective cohort15 men with psychogenic anejaculation and 22 SCI menEEJSuccessful retrieval in all men2*

Studies showing a dramatic effect of the investigated treatment EEJ = electroejaculation; PE = premature ejaculation; PVS = penile vibratory stimulation; RE = retrograde ejaculation; SCI = spinal cord injury

McGuire et al.89McGuire C Manecksha RP Sheils P et al.Electroejaculatory stimulation for male infertility secondary to spinal cord injury: The Irish experience in national rehabilitation hospital.Retrospective cohort31 SCI menEEJSuccessful retrieval in all men2*

Studies showing a dramatic effect of the investigated treatment EEJ = electroejaculation; PE = premature ejaculation; PVS = penile vibratory stimulation; RE = retrograde ejaculation; SCI = spinal cord injury

Das et al.91Das S Dodd S Soni BM et al.Does repeated electro-ejaculation improve sperm quality in spinal cord injured men?.Retrospective cohort16 SCI menRepeated EEJ to improve semen parametersNo improvement in volume, concentration, motility or total motile count in successive antegrade and retrograde samples following repeated EEJ2*

Studies showing a dramatic effect of the investigated treatment EEJ = electroejaculation; PE = premature ejaculation; PVS = penile vibratory stimulation; RE = retrograde ejaculation; SCI = spinal cord injury

Hovav et al.92Hovav Y Shotland Y Yaffe H et al.Electroejaculation and assisted fertility in men with psychogenic anejaculation.Retrospective cohort59 neurologically intact men with anejaculationRepeated EEJ to improve semen parametersNo improvement on repeated samples except for antegrade volume (0.33 +/- 0.16 ml)2*

Studies showing a dramatic effect of the investigated treatment EEJ = electroejaculation; PE = premature ejaculation; PVS = penile vibratory stimulation; RE = retrograde ejaculation; SCI = spinal cord injury

Hovav et al.93Hovav Y Sibirsky O Pollack RN et al.Comparison between the first and the second electroejaculate qualities obtained from neurologically intact men suffering from anejaculation.Retrospective cohort25 men with psychogenic anejaculationEEJSuccessful retrieval in all men2*

Studies showing a dramatic effect of the investigated treatment EEJ = electroejaculation; PE = premature ejaculation; PVS = penile vibratory stimulation; RE = retrograde ejaculation; SCI = spinal cord injury

Ohl et al.94Ohl DA Wolf LJ Menge AC et al.Electroejaculation and assisted reproductive technologies in the treatment of anejaculatory infertility.Retrospective cohort121 men with anejaculation (118 neurogenic, 3 psychogenic)EEJ52 couples became pregnant (43%)2*

Studies showing a dramatic effect of the investigated treatment EEJ = electroejaculation; PE = premature ejaculation; PVS = penile vibratory stimulation; RE = retrograde ejaculation; SCI = spinal cord injury

Heruti et al.79Heruti RJ Katz H Menashe Y et al.Treatment of male infertility due to spinal cord injury using rectal probe electroejaculation: The Israeli experience.Retrospective cohort84 SCI menEEJSuccessful retrieval in all men2*

Studies showing a dramatic effect of the investigated treatment EEJ = electroejaculation; PE = premature ejaculation; PVS = penile vibratory stimulation; RE = retrograde ejaculation; SCI = spinal cord injury

Schatte et al.80Schatte EC Orejuela FJ Lipshultz LI et al.Treatment of infertility due to anejaculation in the male with electroejaculation and intracytoplasmic sperm injection.Prospective cohort17 men with anejaculation (10 SCI, 5 RPLND, 2 idiopathic)EEJSuccessful retrieval in all men2*

Studies showing a dramatic effect of the investigated treatment EEJ = electroejaculation; PE = premature ejaculation; PVS = penile vibratory stimulation; RE = retrograde ejaculation; SCI = spinal cord injury

Chung et al.81Chung PH Verkauf BS Eichberg RD et al.Electroejaculation and assisted reproductive techniques for anejaculatory infertility.Retrospective cohort13 anejaculatory men (7 RPLND, 1 SCI, 5 psychogenic)EEJSuccessful retrieval in all men2*

Studies showing a dramatic effect of the investigated treatment EEJ = electroejaculation; PE = premature ejaculation; PVS = penile vibratory stimulation; RE = retrograde ejaculation; SCI = spinal cord injury

Brackett et al.96Brackett NL Ferrell SM Aballa TC et al.An analysis of 653 trials of penile vibratory stimulation in men with spinal cord injury.Retrospective cohort211 SCI menPVSRetrieval rates:
High amplitude (2.5mm) 54.5%
Low amplitude (1mm) 39.9%
Ejaculatory success highest in C3-C7 followed by T1-T5, T6-T10 and T11-L3.2*

Studies showing a dramatic effect of the investigated treatment EEJ = electroejaculation; PE = premature ejaculation; PVS = penile vibratory stimulation; RE = retrograde ejaculation; SCI = spinal cord injury

Chung et al.86Chung PH Palermo G Schlegel PN et al.The use of intracytoplasmic sperm injection with electroejaculates from anejaculatory men.Retrospective cohort26 men with anejaculation (23 SCI, 3 RPLND)EEJ77/84 (91.6%) of EEJ procedures successful defined by at least 10mio sperm found
2*

Studies showing a dramatic effect of the investigated treatment EEJ = electroejaculation; PE = premature ejaculation; PVS = penile vibratory stimulation; RE = retrograde ejaculation; SCI = spinal cord injury

Hulting82Hultling C Rosenlund B Törnblom M et al.Transrectal electroejaculation in combination with in-vitro fertilization: An effective treatment of anejaculatory infertility after testicular cancer.Retrospective cohort10 men with anejaculation/RE due to treatment of testis cancerEEJSuccessful retrieval in 9/10 (90%) of the men2*

Studies showing a dramatic effect of the investigated treatment EEJ = electroejaculation; PE = premature ejaculation; PVS = penile vibratory stimulation; RE = retrograde ejaculation; SCI = spinal cord injury

Sønken et al.97Sønksen J Biering-Sørensen F Kristensen JK. Ejaculation induced by penile vibratory stimulation in men with spinal cord injuries. The importance of the vibratory amplitude.Prospective clinical trial66 SCI menPVS with 1mm or 2.5mm amplitudeRetrieval rates:
In the first group (n=25):
1mm = 32%
2.5mm = 96%
In the second group (n=41):
2.5mm = 83%2*

Studies showing a dramatic effect of the investigated treatment EEJ = electroejaculation; PE = premature ejaculation; PVS = penile vibratory stimulation; RE = retrograde ejaculation; SCI = spinal cord injury

Wang et al.83Wang YH Chiang HS Wu CH et al.Electroejaculation in spinal cord injured males.Retrospective cohort25 SCI menEEJSuccessful retrieval in 22/25 (88%) of the men:
Bi-directional emission was found in 12 patients, antegrade in nine, retrograde in one and failure in three.2*

Studies showing a dramatic effect of the investigated treatment EEJ = electroejaculation; PE = premature ejaculation; PVS = penile vibratory stimulation; RE = retrograde ejaculation; SCI = spinal cord injury

Denil et al.84Denil J Ohl DA McGuire EJ et al.Treatment of anejaculation with electroejaculation.Retrospective cohort198 men with anejaculationEEJAt least 10 mio progressively motile sperm was obtained in:
- 75% of SCI men
- 87% of men following RPLND2*

Studies showing a dramatic effect of the investigated treatment EEJ = electroejaculation; PE = premature ejaculation; PVS = penile vibratory stimulation; RE = retrograde ejaculation; SCI = spinal cord injury

Lucas et al.85Lucas MG Hargreave TB Edmond P et al.Sperm retrieval by electro-ejaculation. Preliminary experience in patients with secondary anejaculation.Retrospective cohort14 anejaculatory menEEJSuccessful retrieval in
21/26 (80.8%) of the men2*

Studies showing a dramatic effect of the investigated treatment EEJ = electroejaculation; PE = premature ejaculation; PVS = penile vibratory stimulation; RE = retrograde ejaculation; SCI = spinal cord injury