1. Völlm, BA, Edworthy, R, Huband, N, et al Characteristics and pathways of long-stay patients in high and medium secure settings in England; a secondary publication from a large mixed-methods study. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9: 140.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline2. Department of Health . Mental health act 1983: code of practice. London: TSO, 2015.
Google Scholar3. ECPT . Report to the Government of the United Kingdom on the visit to the United Kingdom carried out by the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT): from 30 March to 12 April 2016. Strasbourg: Council of Europe, 2017.
Google Scholar4. Care Quality Commission . Brief guide: long-term segregation. https://www.cqc.org.uk/sites/default/files/20190412_briefguide-longtermsegregation.pdf (2019, accessed 11 November 2020).
Google Scholar5. Thomson, LDG . Management of schizophrenia in conditions of high security. Adv Psychiatr Treat 2000; 6: 252–260.
Google Scholar | Crossref6. Darjee, R, Øfstegaard, M, Thomson, L. Schizophrenia in a high-security hospital: long-term forensic, clinical, administrative & social outcomes. J Forens Psychiatry Psychol 2017; 28: 525–547.
Google Scholar | Crossref7. Frogley, C, Taylor, D, Dickens, G, et al A systematic review of the evidence of clozapine’s anti-aggressive effects. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2012; 15: 1351–1371.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI8. Silva, E, Higgins, M, Hammer, B, et al Clozapine rechallenge and initiation despite neutropenia- a practical, step-by-step guide. BMC Psychiatry 2020; 20: 279.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline9. von Vietinghoff, S, Ley, K. Homeostatic regulation of blood neutrophil counts. J Immunol 2008; 181: 5183–5188.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI10. Souto Filho, JTD, Portugal, RD, Nucci, M. Effect of circadian variation on neutrophil mobilization to the peripheral blood in benign constitutional neutropenia. Exp Hematol 2019; 69: 22–26.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline11. Ahokas, A, Elonen, E. Circadian rhythm of white blood cells during clozapine treatment. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1999; 144: 301–302.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI12. McKee, JR, Wall, T, Owensby, J. Impact of complete blood count sampling time change on white blood cell and absolute neutrophil count values in clozapine recipients. Clin Schizophr Relat Psychoses 2011; 5: 26–32.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline13. Hsieh, MM, Everhart, JE, Byrd-Holt, DD, et al Prevalence of neutropenia in the U.S. population: age, sex, smoking status, and ethnic differences. Ann Intern Med 2007; 146: 486–492.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI14. McCarthy, DA, Dale, MM. The leucocytosis of exercise. Sports Med 1988; 6: 333–363.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline15. Phillips, R, Hancock, B, Graham, J, et al Prevention and management of neutropenic sepsis in patients with cancer: summary of NICE guidance. BMJ 2012; 345: e5368.
Google Scholar | Crossref16. Dale, DC . How I diagnose and treat neutropenia. Curr Opin Hematol 2016; 23: 1–4.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline17. Newburger, PE, Dale, DC. Evaluation and management of patients with isolated neutropenia. Semin Hematol 2013; 50: 198–206.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline18. Ogese, MO, Lister, A, Jenkins, RE, et al Characterization of clozapine-responsive human T cells. J Immunol 2020; 205: ji2000646.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline19. Curtis, BR . Non-chemotherapy drug-induced neutropenia: key points to manage the challenges. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2017; 2017: 187–193.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline20. Siskind, D, McCartney, L, Goldschlager, R, et al Clozapine v. first- and second-generation antipsychotics in treatment-refractory schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 2016; 209: 385–392.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI21. Kahn, RS, Winter van Rossum, I, Leucht, S, et al Amisulpride and olanzapine followed by open-label treatment with clozapine in first-episode schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder (OPTiMiSE): a three-phase switching study. Lancet Psychiatry 2018; 5: 797–807.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline22. Kapur, S, Arenovich, T, Agid, O, et al Evidence for onset of antipsychotic effects within the first 24 hours of treatment. Am J Psychiatry 2005; 162: 939–946.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI23. Honer, WG, Jones, AA, Thornton, AE, et al Response trajectories to clozapine in a secondary analysis of pivotal trials support using treatment response to subtype schizophrenia. Can J Psychiatry 2015; 60(Suppl. 2): S19–S25.
Google Scholar | Medline24. Suzuki, T, Remington, G, Arenovich, T, et al Time course of improvement with antipsychotic medication in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 2011; 199: 275–280.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline25. Schulte, P . What is an adequate trial with clozapine?: therapeutic drug monitoring and time to response in treatment-refractory schizophrenia. Clin Pharmacokinet 2003; 42: 607–618.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI26. Myles, N, Myles, H, Xia, S, et al Meta-analysis examining the epidemiology of clozapine-associated neutropenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2018; 138: 101–109.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline27. Li, X-H, Zhong, X-M, Lu, L, et al The prevalence of agranulocytosis and related death in clozapine-treated patients: a comprehensive meta-analysis of observational studies. Psychol Med 2020; 50: 583–594.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline28. MHRA . Interactive drug analysis profile: Clozapine [Internet]. https://info.mhra.gov.uk/drug-analysis-profiles/dap.html?drug=./UK_EXTERNAL/NONCOMBINED/UK_NON_000299949199.zipagency=MHRA (2019, accessed 11 November 2020).
Google Scholar29. Gallagher, RM, Kirkham, JJ, Mason, JR, et al Development and inter-rater reliability of the liverpool adverse drug reaction causality assessment tool. PLoS One 2011; 6: e28096.
Google Scholar | Crossref30. Whiskey, E, Dzahini, O, Ramsay, R, et al Need to bleed? Clozapine haematological monitoring approaches a time for change. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2019; 34: 264–268.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline31. Jakobsen, MI, Larsen, JR, Svensson, CK, et al The significance of sampling time in therapeutic drug monitoring of clozapine. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2017; 135: 159–169.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline32. Flanagan, RJ, Dunk, L. Haematological toxicity of drugs used in psychiatry. Hum Psychopharmacol 2008; 23(Suppl. 1): S27–S41.
Google Scholar33. Edwards, IR, Aronson, JK. Adverse drug reactions: definitions, diagnosis, and management. Lancet 2000; 356: 1255–1259.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI34. Roge, R, Moller, BK, Andersen, CR, et al Immunomodulatory effects of clozapine and their clinical implications: what have we learned so far? Schizophr Res 2012; 140: 204–213.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI35. Spencer, BW, Prainsack, B, Rujescu, D, et al Opening Pandora’s box in the UK: a hypothetical pharmacogenetic test for clozapine. Pharmacogenomics 2013; 14: 1907–1914.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline36. Sriretnakumar, V, Huang, E, Müller, DJ. Pharmacogenetics of clozapine treatment response and side-effects in schizophrenia: an update. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2015; 11: 1–23.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline37. Legge, SE, Hamshere, ML, Ripke, S, et al Genome-wide common and rare variant analysis provides novel insights into clozapine-associated neutropenia. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 23: 162–163.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline38. Legge, SE, Walters, JT. Genetics of clozapine-associated neutropenia: recent advances, challenges and future perspective. Pharmacogenomics 2019; 20: 279–290.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline39. Verbelen, M, Collier, DA, Cohen, D, et al Establishing the characteristics of an effective pharmacogenetic test for clozapine-induced agranulocytosis. Pharmacogenomics J 2015; 15: 461–466.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline40. Pirmohamed, M, Park, K. Mechanism of clozapine-induced agranulocytosis: current status of research and implications for drug development. CNS Drugs 1997; 7: 139–158.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI41. Dunk, LR, Annan, LJ, Andrews, CD. Rechallenge with clozapine following leucopenia or neutropenia during previous therapy. Br J Psychiatry 2006; 188: 255–263.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI42. Prokopez, CR, Armesto, AR, Gil Aguer, MF, et al Clozapine rechallenge after neutropenia or leucopenia. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2016; 36: 377–380.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline43. Manu, P, Lapitskaya, Y, Shaikh, A, et al Clozapine rechallenge after major adverse effects: clinical guidelines based on 259 cases. Am J Ther 2018; 25: e218–e223.
Google Scholar | Crossref44. Atallah-Yunes, SA, Ready, A, Newburger, PE. Benign ethnic neutropenia. Blood Rev 2019; 37: 100586.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline45. Reich, D, Nalls, MA, Kao, WHL, et al Reduced neutrophil count in people of African descent is due to a regulatory variant in the duffy antigen receptor for chemokines gene. PLoS Genet 2009; 5: e1000360.
Google Scholar | Crossref46. Clozaril-Connect . Clozapine and benign ethnic neutropenia. Mylan Products Ltd. https://www.hcpinfo.clozaril.co.uk/-/media/clozarilcouk/pdf/factsheet-benign-ethnic-neutropenia.pdf (2018, accessed 11 November 2020).
Google Scholar47. Kuno, E, Rothbard, AB. Racial disparities in antipsychotic prescription patterns for patients with schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159: 567–572.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI48. Whiskey, E, Olofinjana, O, Taylor, D. The importance of the recognition of benign ethnic neutropenia in black patients during treatment with clozapine: case reports and database study. J Psychopharmacol 2011; 25: 842–845.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI49. Focosi, D, Azzarà, A, Kast, RE, et al Lithium and hematology: established and proposed uses. J Leukoc Biol 2009; 85: 20–28.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI50. Manu, P, Sarpal, D, Muir, O, et al When can patients with potentially life-threatening adverse effects be rechallenged with clozapine? A systematic review of the published literature. Schizophr Res 2012; 134: 180–186.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI51. Boazak, M, Goldsmith, DR, Cotes, RO. Mask off? Lithium augmentation for clozapine rechallenge after neutropenia or agranulocytosis: discontinuation might be risky. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2018; 20: 18l02282.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline52. Dumas, R, Bardin, P, Vedie, C. Long-term treatment of clozapine-induced leukopenia with lithium: fast-onset agranulocytosis following lithium discontinuation. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2016; 18: 10.4088/PCC.15l01841.