1. Siegel, RL, Miller, KD, Jemal, A. Cancer statistics, 2020. CA Cancer J Clin 2020; 70: 7–30.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline2. Zheng, M . Classification and pathology of lung cancer. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2016; 25: 447–468.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline3. Dela Cruz, CS, Tanoue, LT, Matthay, RA. Lung cancer: Epidemiology, etiology, and prevention. Clin Chest Med 2011; 32: 605–644.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI4. Lara, PN, Moon, J, Redman, MW, et al. Disease control rate at 8 weeks predicts subsequent survival in platinum–treated extensive stage small–cell lung cancer: results from the Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG) database. Clin Lung Cancer 2016; 17: 113–118.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline5. Crusz, SM, Balkwill, FR. Inflammation and cancer: advances and new agents. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2015; 12: 584–596.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI6. Azad, N, Rojanasakul, Y, Vallyathan, V. Inflammation and lung cancer: roles of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 2008; 11: 1–15.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline7. Fernandes, JV, Cobucci, RNO, Jatobá, CAN, et al. The role of the mediators of inflammation in cancer development. Pathol Oncol Res 2015; 21: 527–534.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline8. Kumari, N, Dwarakanath, BS, Das, A, et al. Role of interleukin–6 in cancer progression and therapeutic resistance. Tumour Biol 2016; 37: 11553–11572.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline9. Sim, GC, Radvanyi, L. The IL-2 cytokine family in cancer immunotherapy. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 25: 377–390.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline10. Ciurea, SO, Hoffman, R. Cytokines for the treatment of thrombocytopenia. Semin Hematol 2007; 44: 166–182.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline11. Putoczki, TL, Thiem, S, Loving, A, et al. Interleukin-11 is the dominant IL–6 family cytokine during gastrointestinal tumorigenesis and can be targeted therapeutically. Cancer Cell 2013; 24: 257–271.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline12. Johnstone, CN, Chand, A, Putoczki, TL, et al. Emerging roles for IL-11 signaling in cancer development and progression: Focus on breast cancer. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2015; 26: 489–498.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline13. Ernst, M, Putoczki, TL. Molecular pathways: IL-11 as a tumor-promoting cytokine-translational implications for cancers. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20: 5579–5588.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline14. Chansky, K, Detterbeck, FC, Nicholson, AG, et al. The IASLC Lung Cancer Staging Project: External validation of the revision of the TNM Stage Groupings in the Eighth Edition of the TNM Classification of Lung Cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2017; 12: 1109–1121.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline15. Davis, MD, Montpetit, AJ. Exhaled breath condensate: an update. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2018; 38: 667–678.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline16. Győrffy, B, Surowiak, P, Budczies, J, et al. Online survival analysis software to assess the prognostic value of biomarkers using transcriptomic data in non–small–cell lung cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8: e82241.
Google Scholar | Crossref17. Uhlén, M, Fagerberg, L, Hallström, BM, et al. Proteomics tissue-based map of the human proteome. Science (New York, NY) 2015; 347: 1260419.
Google Scholar | Crossref18. Jones, SA, Jenkins, BJ. Recent insights into targeting the IL-6 cytokine family in inflammatory diseases and cancer. Nat Rev Immunol 2018; 18: 773–789.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline19. Nguyen, PM, Abdirahman, SM, Putoczki, TL. Emerging roles for interleukin-11 in disease. Growth Factors 2019; 37: 1–11.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline20. Heichler, C, Scheibe, K, Schmied, A, et al. STAT3 activation through IL-6/IL-11 in cancer-associated fibroblasts promotes colorectal tumour development and correlates with poor prognosis. Gut 2020; 69: 1269–1282.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline21. Wang, D, Zheng, X, Fu, B, et al. Hepatectomy promotes recurrence of liver cancer by enhancing IL-11-STAT3 signaling. EBio Medicine 2019; 46: 119–132.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline22. Taniguchi, K, Karin, M. IL-6 and related cytokines as the critical lynchpins between inflammation and cancer. Semin Immunol 2014; 26: 54–74.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline23. D’Sylva, P, Caudri, D, Shaw, N, et al. Induced sputum to detect lung pathogens in young children with cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Pulmonol 2017; 52: 182–189.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline24. Ahmadzai, H, Huang, S, Hettiarachchi, R, et al. Exhaled breath condensate: a comprehensive update. Clin Chem Lab Med 2013; 51: 1343–1361.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline25. Spano, D, Zollo, M. Tumor microenvironment: a main actor in the metastasis process. Clin Exp Metastasis 2012; 29: 381–395.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI26. Qian, S, Golubnitschaja, O, Zhan, X. Chronic inflammation: key player and biomarker-set to predict and prevent cancer development and progression based on individualized patient profiles. EPMA J 2019; 10: 365–381.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline27. Wu, Y, Antony, S, Meitzler, JL, et al. Molecular mechanisms underlying chronic inflammation–associated cancers. Cancer Lett 2014; 345: 164–173.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI28. Sun, Y, Zhang, L. The clinical use of pretreatment NLR, PLR, and LMR in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: evidence from a meta–analysis. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 10: 6167–6179.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline29. Galdiero, MR, Garlanda, C, Jaillon, S, et al. Tumor associated macrophages and neutrophils in tumor progression. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228: 1404–1412.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI30. Masucci, MT, Minopoli, M, Carriero, MV. Tumor associated neutrophils. their role in tumorigenesis, metastasis, prognosis and therapy. Front Oncol 2019; 9: 1146.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline31. Keeley, T, Costanzo-Garvey, DL, Cook, LM. Unmasking the many faces of tumor-associated neutrophils and macrophages: considerations for targeting innate immune cells in cancer. Trends Cancer 2019; 12: 789–798.
Google Scholar | Crossref32. Loi, S, Sirtaine, N, Piette, F, et al. Prognostic and predictive value of tumor–infiltrating lymphocytes in a phase III randomized adjuvant breast cancer trial in node–positive breast cancer comparing the addition of docetaxel to doxorubicin with doxorubicin–based chemotherapy: BIG 02-98. J Clin Oncol 2013; 31: 860–867.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI33. Klampatsa, A, O’Brien, SM, Thompson, JC, et al. Phenotypic and functional analysis of malignant mesothelioma tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Oncoimmunology 2019; 8: e1638211.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline34. Nicholson, BD, Shinkins, B, Pathiraja, I, et al. Blood CEA levels for detecting recurrent colorectal cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; 12: CD011134.
Google Scholar35. Nicholson, BD, Shinkins, B, Mant, D. Blood measurement of carcinoembryonic antigen level for detecting recurrence of colorectal cancer. JAMA 2016; 316: 1310–1311.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline36. Zhai, H, Huang, J, Yang, C, et al. Serum CEA and CA19-9 levels are associated with the presence and severity of colorectal neoplasia. Clin Lab 2018; 64: 351–356.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline