1. Perlman, S. Another decade, another coronavirus. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:760-762.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline2. Deng, X, Liu, B, Li, J, Zhang, J, Zhao, Y, Xu, K. Blood biochemical characteristics of patients. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2020;58:1172-1181.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline3. Anderson, RM, Heesterbeek, H, Klinkenberg, D, Hollingsworth, TD. How will country-based mitigation measures influence the course of the COVID-19 epidemic? Lancet. 2020;395:931-934.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline4. Cowling, BJ, Aiello, AE. Public health measures to slow community spread of Coronavirus Disease 2019. J Infect Dis. 2020;221:1749-1751.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline5. Mattiuzzi, C, Lippi, G. Which lessons shall we learn from the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak? Ann Transl Med. 2020;8:48.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline6. Lippi, G, Plebani, M. Laboratory abnormalities in patients with COVID-2019 infection. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2020;58:1131-1134.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline7. Ponti, G, Maccaferri, M, Ruini, C, Tomasi, A, Ozben, T. Biomarkers associated with COVID-19 disease progression. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 2020;57:389-399.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline8. Wang, D, Hu, B, Hu, C, Zhu, F, Liu, X, Zhang, J. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020;323:1061-1069.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline9. WHO . Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection when novel coronavirus (‎‎‎‎nCoV) ‎‎‎ infection is suspected: interim guidance, 25 January 2020. 2020. Accessed March 30, 2020, https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/330854
Google Scholar10. R Core Team . R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. 2020. Accessed October 4, 2020. https://www.R-project.org/
Google Scholar11. Fox, J. The R commander: a basic statistics graphical user interface to R. J Stat Softw. 2005;14:1-42.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI12. Borobia, AM, Carcas, AJ, Arnalich, F, et al.; On behalf of the COVID HULP working group. A cohort of patients with COVID-19 in a major teaching hospital in Europe. J Clin Med. 2020;9:1733.
Google Scholar | Crossref13. Rodríguez, A, Moreno, G, Gómez, J, et al. Infección grave por coronavirus SARS-CoV-2: experiencia en un hospital de tercer nivel con pacientes afectados por COVID-19 durante la pandemia 2020. Med Intensiva. 2020;44:525-533.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline14. Berenguer, J, Ryan, P, Rodríguez-Baño, J, et al.; On behalf of the [email protected] Study Group. Characteristics and predictors of death among 4,035 consecutively hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Spain. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020;11:1525-1536.
Google Scholar | Crossref15. Richardson, S, Hirsch, JS, Narasimhan, M, et al. Presenting characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes among 5700. JAMA. 2020;323:2052-2059.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline16. Grasselli, G, Zangrillo, A, Zanella, A, et al. Baseline characteristics and outcomes of 1591 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 admitted to ICUs of the Lombardy Region Italy. JAMA. 2020;323:1574-81.
Google Scholar | Crossref17. Huang, C, Wang, Y, Li, X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan China. Lancet. 2020;395:497-506.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline18. Zhou, F, Yu, T, Du, R, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395:1054-1062.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline19. Henry, BM, Oliveira, MHS, Benoit, S, Plebani, M, Lippi, G. Hematologic, biochemical and immune biomarker abnormalities associated with severe illness and mortality in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a meta-analysis. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2020;58:1021-1028.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline20. Bonetti, G, Manelli, F, Patroni, A, et al. Laboratory predictors of death from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the area of Valcamonica, Italy. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2020;58:1100-1105.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline21. Liang, W, Liang, H, Ou, L, et al. Development and validation of a clinical risk score to predict the occurrence of critical illness in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. JAMA Intern Med. 2020;180:1081-1089.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline22. Liu, J, Li, S, Liu, J, et al. Longitudinal characteristics of lymphocyte responses and cytokine profiles in the peripheral blood of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. EBioMedicine. 2020;55:102763.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline23. Cummings, MJ, Baldwin, MR, Abrams, D, et al. Epidemiology, clinical course, and outcomes of critically ill adults with COVID-19 in New York City: a prospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395:1763-1770.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline24. Wu, C, Chen, X, Cai, Y, et al. Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA Intern Med. 2020;180:934-943.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline25. Choi, KW, Chau, TN, Tsang, O, et al. Outcomes and prognostic factors in 7 patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. Ann Int Med. 2003;139:715-723.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline26. Hong, KH, Choi, JP, Hong, SH, et al. Predictors of mortality in middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS). Thorax. 2018;73:286-289.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline27. Opal, SM, Girard, TD, Ely, EW. The immunopathogenesis of sepsis in elderly patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41:S504-S512.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline28. He, Z, Zhao, C, Dong, Q, et al. Effects of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus infection on peripheral blood lymphocytes and their subsets. Int J Infect Dis. 2005;9:323-930.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline29. Henry, BM. COVID-19, ECMO, and lymphopenia: a word of caution. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8:e24.
Google Scholar | Crossref30. Xu, H, Zhong, L, Deng, J, et al. High expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019-nCoV on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa. Int J Oral Sci. 2020;12:8.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline31. Tan, L, Wang, Q, Zhang, D, et al. Lymphopenia predicts disease severity of COVID-19: a descriptive and predictive study. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2020;5:33.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline32. Kox, M, Waalders, NJB, Kooistra, EJ, Gerretsen, J, Pickkers, P. Cytokine levels in critically Ill patients with COVID-19 and other conditions. JAMA. 2020;324:1565-1567.
Google Scholar | Crossref33. Sinha, P, Matthay, MA, Calfee, CS. Is a “cytokine storm” relevant to COVID-19? JAMA Intern Med. 2020;180:1152-1154.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline34. Chiang, CH, Shih, JF, Su, WJ, Perng, RP. Eight-month prospective study of 14 patients with hospital-acquired severe acute respiratory syndrome. Mayo Clinic Proc. 2004;79:1372-1379.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline35. Bhopal, SS, Bhopa, Rl. Sex differential in COVID-19 mortality varies markedly by age. Lancet. 2020;396:532-533.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline