Vaezi MF, Pandolfino JE, Yadlapati RH, Greer KB, Kavitt RT (2020) ACG clinical guidelines: diagnosis and management of achalasia. Am J Gastroenterol 115(9):1393–1411

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gaber CE, Eluri S, Cotton CC et al (2022) Epidemiologic and economic burden of achalasia in the United States. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 20(342–352):e5

Google Scholar 

Vaezi MF, Pandolfino JE, Vela MF. 2013 ACG clinical guideline: diagnosis and management of achalasia. Am J Gastroenterol 108(8):1238–49: quiz 50

Vaezi MF, Felix VN, Penagini R et al (2016) Achalasia: from diagnosis to management. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1381(1):34–44

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee K, Hong SP, Yoo IK et al (2024) Global trends in incidence and prevalence of achalasia, 1925–2021: a systematic review and meta-analysis. U Eur Gastroenterol J 12(4):504–515

Article  Google Scholar 

Patel DA, Lappas BM, Vaezi MF (2017) An overview of achalasia and its subtypes. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y) 13(7):411–421

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Singaram C, Sengupta A, Sweet MA et al (1994) Nitrinergic and peptidergic innervation of the human oesophagus. Gut 35(12):1690–1696

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Park W, Vaezi MF (2005) Etiology and pathogenesis of achalasia: the current understanding. Am J Gastroenterol 100(6):1404–1414

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mearin F, Mourelle M, Guarner F et al (1993) Patients with achalasia lack nitric oxide synthase in the gastro-oesophageal junction. Eur J Clin Invest 23(11):724–728

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Patel DA, Kim HP, Zifodya JS, Vaezi MF (2015) Idiopathic (primary) achalasia: a review. Orphanet J Rare Dis 10:89

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

El-Takli I, O’Brien P, Paterson WG (2006) Clinical diagnosis of achalasia: how reliable is the barium x-ray? Can J Gastroenterol 20(5):335–337

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fukushima N, Masuda T, Tsuboi K, Watanabe J, Yano F (2024) Long-term outcomes of treatment for achalasia: laparoscopic Heller myotomy versus POEM. Ann Gastroenterol Surg 8(5):750–760

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Schlottmann F, Herbella F, Allaix ME, Patti MG (2018) Modern management of esophageal achalasia: from pathophysiology to treatment. Curr Probl Surg 55:10–37

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shimi S, Nathanson LK, Cuschieri A (1991) Laparoscopic cardiomyotomy for achalasia. J R Coll Surg Edinb 36:152–154

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Inoue H, Minami H, Kobayashi Y (2010) Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) for esophageal achalasia. Endoscopy 42:265–271

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Siow SL et al (2021) Laparoscopic Heller myotomy and anterior Dor fundoplication for achalasia cardia in Malaysia: clinical outcomes and satisfaction from four tertiary centers. Asian J Surg 44(1):158–163

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Richards WO, Torquati A, Holzman MD et al (2004) Heller myotomy versus Heller myotomy with Dor fundoplication for achalasia: a prospective randomized double-blind clinical trial. Ann Surg 240:405e412

Article  Google Scholar 

Mattioli S, Pilotti V, Felice V et al (1993) Intraoperative study on the relationship between the lower esophageal sphincter pressure and the muscular components of the gastro-esophageal junction in achalasic patients. Ann Surg 218:635e639

Article  Google Scholar 

Salvador R, Caruso V, Constantini M et al (2015) Shorter myotomy on the gastric site (2.5 cm) provides adequate relief of dysphagia in achalasia patients. Dis Esophagus 28:412e417

Article  Google Scholar 

Zaninotto G, Costantini M, Rizzetto C et al (2008) Four hundred laparoscopic myotomies for esophageal achalasia: a single centre experience. Ann Surg 248:986e993

Article  Google Scholar 

Torres-Villalobos G, Coss-Adame E, Furuzawa-Carballeda J et al (2018) Dor Vs toupet fundoplication after laparoscopic Heller myotomy: long-term randomized controlled trial evaluated by high-resolution manometry. J Gastrointest Surg 22:13–22

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rawlings A, Soper NJ, Oelschlager B et al (2012) Laparoscopic Dor versus Toupet fundoplication following Heller myotomy for achalasia: results of a multicenter, prospective, randomized- controlled trial. Surg Endosc 26(1):18–26

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rebecchi F, Giaccone C, Farinella E et al (2008) Randomized controlled trial of laparoscopic Heller myotomy plus dor fundoplication versus Nissen fundoplication for achalasia long-term results. Ann Surg 248(6):1023–1029

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mittal S, Kumar A, Gunjan D et al (2024) Long-term outcomes of laparoscopic Heller’s myotomy with angle of his accentuation in patients of achalasia cardia. Surg Endosc 38(2):659–670

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Teitelbaum EN, Rajeswaran S, Zhang R, et al. 2013 Peroral esophageal myotomy (POEM) and laparoscopic Heller myotomy produce a similar short-term anatomic and functional effect. Surgery. 154(4):885–91: discussion 91–2

Vaezi MF, Baker ME, Achkar E et al (2002) Timed barium oesophagram: better predictor of long term success after pneumatic dilation in achalasia than symptom assessment. Gut 50(6):765–770

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pesce M, Pagliaro M, Sarnelli G, Sweis R (2023) Modern achalasia: diagnosis, classification, and treatment. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 29:419–427

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar