Goel A, Achawal S (1995) The surgical treatment of Chiari malformation association with atlantoaxial dislocation. Br J Neurosurg 9(1):67–72

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Goel A, Laheri V (1994) Plate and screw fixation for atlanto-axial subluxation. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 129(1–2):47–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01400872

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Abumi K, Takada T, Shono Y, Kaneda K, Fujiya M (1999) Posterior occipitocervical reconstruction using cervical pedicle screws and plate-rod systems. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 24(14):1425–1434. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199907150-00007

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Du YQ, Li T, Ma C, Qiao GY, Yin YH, Yu XG (2020) Biomechanical evaluation of two alternative techniques to the Goel-Harms technique for atlantoaxial fixation: C1 lateral mass-C2 bicortical translaminar screw fixation and C1 lateral mass-C2/3 transarticular screw fixation. J Neurosurg Spine 1–7. https://doi.org/10.3171/2019.11.Spine191178

Du YQ, Yin YH, Qiao GY, Yu XG (2020) C2 medial pedicle screw: a novel in-out-in technique as an alternative option for posterior C2 fixation in cases with a narrow C2 isthmus. J Neurosurg Spine 1–7. https://doi.org/10.3171/2020.2.Spine191517

Aoyama T, Yasuda M, Yamahata H, Takeuchi M, Joko M, Hongo K, Takayasu M (2014) Radiographic measurements of C-2 in patients with atlas assimilation. J Neurosurg Spine 21(5):732–735. https://doi.org/10.3171/2014.7.Spine131087

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moon BJ, Choi KH, Shin DA, Yi S, Kim KN, Yoon DH, Ha Y (2018) Anatomical variations of vertebral artery and C2 isthmus in atlanto-axial fusion: consecutive surgical 100 cases. J Clin Neuroscience: Official J Neurosurgical Soc Australasia 53:147–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2018.04.058

Article  Google Scholar 

Wright NM (2004) Posterior C2 fixation using bilateral, crossing C2 laminar screws: case series and technical note. J Spin Disord Tech 17(2):158–162

Article  Google Scholar 

Elliott RE, Tanweer O, Boah A, Smith ML, Frempong-Boadu A (2012) Comparison of safety and stability of C-2 pars and pedicle screws for atlantoaxial fusion: meta-analysis and review of the literature. J Neurosurg Spine 17(6):577–593. https://doi.org/10.3171/2012.9.Spine111021

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zong R, Li T, Lu L, Qiao G, Yu X (2019) Posterior C2 fixation using Trans-C2 inferior articular process screws: a Case Series and technical note. World Neurosurg 121:e70–e76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2018.09.014

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lehman RA Jr., Dmitriev AE, Wilson KW (2012) Biomechanical analysis of the C2 intralaminar fixation technique using a cross-link and offset connector for an unstable atlantoaxial joint. Spine J 12(2):151–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2012.01.020

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lu Y, Lee YP, Bhatia NN, Lee TQ (2018) Biomechanical Comparison of C1 Lateral Mass - C2 Short Pedicle Screw - C3 Lateral Mass Screw-Rod Construct Versus Goel-Harms Fixation For Atlantoaxial Instability. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0000000000002868

Chen Z, Duan W, Chou D, Guan J, Liu Z, Jian Q, Zhang B, Bo X, Jian F (2020) A safe and effective posterior intra-articular distraction technique to treat congenital atlantoaxial dislocation Associated with Basilar Invagination: Case Series and Technical Nuances. Operative neurosurgery (Hagerstown, Md) https://doi.org/10.1093/ons/opaa391

Duan W, Chou D, Jiang B, Liu Z, Zhao X, Xia Z, Jian F, Chen Z (2019) Posterior revision surgery using an intraarticular distraction technique with cage grafting to treat atlantoaxial dislocation associated with basilar invagination. J Neurosurg Spine 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3171/2019.4.Spine1921

Zhao G, Song M, Duan W, Chen Z, Xue Y (2022) Biomechanical investigation of intra-articular cage and cantilever technique in the treatment of congenital basilar invagination combined with atlantoaxial dislocation: a finite element analysis. Med Biol Eng Comput 60(8):2189–2199. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11517-022-02596-y

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Du YQ, Yin YH, Li T, Qiao GY, Yu XG (2021) A novel surgical protocol for safe and accurate placement of C1 lateral mass screws in patients with atlas assimilation, basilar invagination and atlantoaxial instability: technical details, accuracy assessment and perioperative complications. Eur Spine J. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-021-06780-w

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yin YH, Tong HY, Qiao GY, Yu XG (2016) Posterior reduction of fixed atlantoaxial dislocation and basilar invagination by Atlantoaxial Facet Joint Release and fixation: a modified technique with 174 cases. Neurosurgery 78(3):391–400 discussion 400. https://doi.org/10.1227/NEU.0000000000001026

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Goel A, Desai KI, Muzumdar DP (2002) Atlantoaxial fixation using plate and screw method: a report of 160 treated patients. Neurosurgery 51(6):1351–1356 discussion 1356–1357

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xu S, Ruan S, Song X, Yu J, Xu J, Gong R (2018) Evaluation of vertebral artery anomaly in basilar invagination and prevention of vascular injury during surgical intervention: CTA features and analysis. Eur Spine J 27(6):1286–1294. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-017-5445-4

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Duan S, Lv S, Ye F, Lin Q (2009) Imaging anatomy and variation of vertebral artery and bone structure at craniocervical junction. Eur Spine J 18(8):1102–1108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-009-0925-9

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lee DH, Park S, Cho JH, Hwang CJ, Lee HR, Seok SY, Lee CS (2022) The medial window technique as a salvage method to insert C2 pedicle screw in the case of a high-riding vertebral artery or narrow pedicle: a technical note and case series. Eur Spine J 31(5):1251–1259. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-022-07146-6

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xu P, Lin J, Xiao H, Zheng J, Ji W (2023) Feasibility of C2 pedicle screw fixation with the in-out-in technique for patients with Basilar Invagination. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). https://doi.org/10.1097/brs.0000000000004757

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Harms J, Melcher RP (2001) Posterior C1-C2 fusion with polyaxial screw and rod fixation. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 26(22):2467–2471

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schmidt C, Chaiyamoon A, Cardona JJ, Mathkour M, Scullen T, Iwanaga J, Kalyvas J, Carrera A, Reina F, Dumont AS, Tubbs RS (2023) What is the C2 pedicle, pars interarticularis, and isthmus? Anatomical study and review of the literature regarding these confusing terms with proposal of new nomenclature. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 165(7):1899–1905. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00701-023-05655-x

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Salunke P, Singh A, Karthigeyan M (2020) Technique of C2 Subfacetal Screw in patients with High-Riding Vertebral Artery. World Neurosurg 144:59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2020.08.045

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Patkar S (2020) Posterior atlantoaxial fixation with new subfacetal axis screw trajectory avoiding vertebral artery with customized variable screw placement plate and screws to enhance biomechanics of fixation. Neurosurgical Focus: Video 3(1):V10. https://doi.org/10.3171/2020.4.FocusVid.20168

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar