Original Research Cross-cultural adaptation: South African Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Knowledge Questionnaire

Lorisha Manas, Tawanda Chivese, Ankia Coetzee, Magda Conradie, Linzette D. Morris

South African Family Practice | Vol 67, No 1 : Part 1| a5826 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/safp.v67i1.5826 | © 2025 Lorisha Manas, Tawanda Chivese, Ankia Coetzee, Magda Conradie, Linzette D. Morris | This work is licensed under CC Attribution 4.0
Submitted: 05 September 2023 | Published: 13 January 2025

About the author(s) Lorisha Manas, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
Tawanda Chivese, Department of Population Medicine, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
Ankia Coetzee, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
Magda Conradie, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
Linzette D. Morris, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar

Abstract

Background: Many serious adverse events associated with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) can be mitigated by timely glucose control during pregnancy, achieved through education and lifestyle choices. The aim of this study was to translate and cross-culturally adapt and test the preliminary internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the South African English, Afrikaans and isiXhosa versions of the GDM Knowledge Questionnaire (GDMKQ).

Methods: A prospective, observational study was conducted at a high-risk antenatal clinic in South Africa. Pregnant women ≥ 18 years with GDM were consecutively sampled. Semantic equivalence between the original and adapted versions was assessed. Face and content validity, internal consistency and test–retest reliability were evaluated.

Results: The three SA-GDMKQ versions demonstrated good face and content validity. For internal consistency, Cronbach’s alpha values were 0.534 for the Afrikaans version, 0.434 for the English version and 0.621 for the isiXhosa version. Test–retest reliability found kappa (standard error [s.e.]) values ranged between −0.03 (0.18) and 0.89 (0.13) for the English version, between −0.07 (0.18) and 0.53 (0.13) for the Afrikaans version and between 0.28 (0.18) and 0.87 (0.17) for the isiXhosa version. All versions of the SA-GDMKQ had a statistically significant (p < 0.001) positive linear correlation between the total scores.

Conclusion: The English, Afrikaans and isiXhosa SA-GDMKQ versions were found to be feasible and easy to comprehend, although lower internal consistency and test–retest reliability were displayed. Further validation of the psychometric properties of the English, Afrikaans and isiXhosa versions of the SA-GDMKQ among larger sample groups is however warranted.

Contribution: This study adds to the knowledge around developing and using culturally appropriate questionnaires and outcome measures in research and clinical practice.

Keywords

gestational diabetes mellitus; knowledge assessment; health education; cross-cultural adaptation; South Africa; validation of questionnaire; validated questionnaire

Sustainable Development Goal

Goal 3: Good health and well-being

Metrics Total abstract views: 55
Total article views: 76

Crossref Citations

No related citations found.