Jennette JC, Falk RJ, Bacon PA, Basu N, Cid MC, Ferrario F, Flores-Suarez LF, Gross WL, Guillevin L, Hagen EC et al (2013) 2012 revised International Chapel Hill Consensus Conference Nomenclature of Vasculitides. Arthritis Rheum 65, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.37715

Watts R, Lane S, Hanslik T, Hauser T, Hellmich B, Koldingsnes W, Mahr A, Segelmark M, Cohen-Tervaert JW, Scott D (2007) Development and validation of a consensus methodology for the classification of the ANCA-associated vasculitides and polyarteritis nodosa for epidemiological studies. Ann Rheum Dis 66:222–227. https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2006.054593

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

de Boysson H, Guillevin L (2019) Polyarteritis Nodosa neurologic manifestations. Neurol Clin 37:345–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ncl.2019.01.007

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Forbess L, Bannykh S (2015) Polyarteritis nodosa. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 41:33–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rdc.2014.09.005. vii

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Howard T, Ahmad K, Swanson JA, Misra S (2014) Polyarteritis nodosa. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol 17:247–251. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.tvir.2014.11.005

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hasler P, Kistler H, Gerber H (1995) Vasculitides in hairy cell leukemia. Semin Arthritis Rheum 25:134–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0049-0172(95)80026-3

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Guillevin L, Lhote F, Cohen P, Sauvaget F, Jarrousse B, Lortholary O, Noel LH, Trepo C (1995) Polyarteritis nodosa related to hepatitis B virus. A prospective study with long-term observation of 41 patients. Med (Baltim) 74:238–253. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005792-199509000-00002

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Colmegna I, Maldonado-Cocco JA (2005) Polyarteritis nodosa revisited. Curr Rheumatol Rep 7:288–296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11926-005-0039-2

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mohammad AJ, Jacobsson LT, Mahr AD, Sturfelt G, Segelmark M (2007) Prevalence of Wegener’s granulomatosis, microscopic polyangiitis, polyarteritis nodosa and churg-Strauss syndrome within a defined population in southern Sweden. Rheumatology (Oxford) 46:1329–1337. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/kem107

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Hsu CT, Kerrison JB, Miller NR, Goldberg MF (2001) Choroidal infarction, anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, and central retinal artery occlusion from polyarteritis nodosa. Retina 21:348–351. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006982-200108000-00009

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Vazquez-Romo KA, Rodriguez-Hernandez A, Paczka JA, Nuno-Suarez MA, Rocha-Munoz AD, Zavala-Cerna MG (2017) Optic Neuropathy secondary to Polyarteritis Nodosa, Case Report, and Diagnostic challenges. Front Neurol 8:490. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2017.00490

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Abouzahir A, Bennouk Y, El Qatni M, El Omri N, Hammi S, Badaoui M, Mekouar F, Fatihi J, Sekkach Y, Amezyane T et al (2012) [Ocular involvement in polyarteritis nodosa: two cases]. J Fr Ophtalmol 35:724e721–724e725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfo.2011.12.008

Article  Google Scholar 

Vingopoulos F, Karagiotis T, Palioura S (2020) Bilateral interstitial keratitis, erythema nodosum and atrial fibrillation as presenting signs of polyarteritis nodosa. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep 18:100619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajoc.2020.100619

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rosen ES (1968) The retinopathy in polyarteritis nodosa. Br J Ophthalmol 52:903–906. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.52.12.903

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Goldsmith J (1946) Periarteritis nodosa with involvement of the choroidal and retinal arteries. Am J Ophthalmol 29:435–446. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9394(46)90526-0

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Morgan CM, Foster CS, D’Amico DJ, Gragoudas ES (1986) Retinal vasculitis in polyarteritis nodosa. Retina 6:205–209. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006982-198606040-00002

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Purcell JJ Jr., Birkenkamp R, Tsai CC (1984) Conjunctival lesions in periarteritis nodosa. A clinical and immunopathologic study. Arch Ophthalmol 102:736–738. https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1984.01040030592028

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kostina-O’Neil Y, Jirawuthiworavong GV, Podell DN, Lesser RL (2007) Choroidal and optic nerve infarction in hepatitis C-associated polyarteritis nodosa. J Neuroophthalmol 27:184–188. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNO.0b013e31814b1d29

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pandey AK, Rout A, Gampa P, Khan MA, Singh AK, Chauhan R (2024) A spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) study of intraretinal hyperreflective foci and its relationship with visual acuity and grades of retinopathy among patients of diabetes mellitus in Indian population. Med J Armed Forces India 80:572–577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mjafi.2024.04.019

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

ElTanboly AH, Palacio A, Shalaby AM, Switala AE, Helmy O, Schaal S, El-Baz A (2018) An automated approach for early detection of diabetic retinopathy using SD-OCT images. Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 10:197–207. https://doi.org/10.2741/e817

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Garrity ST, Jung JY, Zambrowski O, Pichi F, Su D, Arya M, Waheed NK, Duker JS, Chetrit Y, Miserocchi E et al (2019) Early hydroxychloroquine retinopathy: optical coherence tomography abnormalities preceding Humphrey visual field defects. Br J Ophthalmol 103:1600–1604. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-313350

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bafiq R, Mathew R, Pearce E, Abdel-Hey A, Richardson M, Bailey T, Sivaprasad S, Age (2015) Sex, and ethnic variations in inner and outer retinal and choroidal thickness on spectral-domain Optical Coherence Tomography. Am J Ophthalmol 160(e1031):1034–1043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2015.07.027

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bycroft C, Freeman C, Petkova D, Band G, Elliott LT, Sharp K, Motyer A, Vukcevic D, Delaneau O, O’Connell J et al (2018) The UK Biobank resource with deep phenotyping and genomic data. Nature 562:203–209. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0579-z

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Szydełko-Paśko U, Przeździecka-Dołyk J, Dołyk A, Małyszczak A, Misiuk-Hojło M (2023) Evaluation of Choroidal and Retinal features in patients with primary Vasculitis—An Original Optical Coherence Tomography and Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Study. J Clin Med 12:6827

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Baytaroğlu A, Kadayifçilar S, Ağin A, Deliktaş Ö, Demir S, Bilginer Y, Karakaya J, Özen S, Eldem B (2020) Choroidal vascularity index as a biomarker of systemic inflammation in childhood Polyarteritis Nodosa and adenosine deaminase-2 deficiency. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12969-020-0417-3

Cheng D, Wang Y, Huang S, Wu Q, Chen Q, Shen M, Lu F (2016) Macular Inner Retinal Layer Thickening and outer retinal layer damage correlate with visual acuity during remission in Behcet’s Disease. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci 57:5470–5478. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.16-19568

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Dhirachaikulpanich D, Chanthongdee K, Zheng Y, Beare NAV (2023) A systematic review of OCT and OCT angiography in retinal vasculitis. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect 13:1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12348-023-00327-4

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Shulman S, Shorer R, Wollman J, Dotan G, Paran D (2017) Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and neuropsychiatric manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 26:1420–1425

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Liu GY, Utset TO, Bernard JT (2015) Retinal nerve fiber layer and macular thinning in systemic lupus erythematosus: an optical coherence tomography study comparing SLE and neuropsychiatric SLE. Lupus 24:1169–1176. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961203315582285

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kadayıfçılar S, Aygün FB (2022) Ophthalmologic Assessment in Giant Cell Arteritis. Acta Med 53:12–16

Google Scholar 

Mahdjoubi A, Haouas M, Caliot J, Jaillant R, Idlefqih W, Amari FZ, Chahed S (2019) Optical coherence tomography angiography of macula in chronic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy associated with giant cell arteritis. Neuro-Ophthalmology 43:192–195

Article  PubMed