Grube M, Holler E, Weber D, Holler B, Herr W, Wolff D. Risk Factors And Outcome Of Chronic Graft-versus-host Disease After Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation-results From A Single-center Observational Study. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2016;22:1781–91.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

DeFilipp Z, Alousi AM, Pidala JA, Carpenter PA, Onstad LE, Arai S, et al. Nonrelapse mortality among patients diagnosed with chronic GVHD: an updated analysis from the Chronic GVHD Consortium. Blood Adv. 2021;5:4278–84.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lee SJ, Nguyen TD, Onstad L, Bar M, Krakow EF, Salit RB, et al. Success of immunosuppressive treatments in patients with chronic graft-versus-host disease. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2018;24:555–62.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bachier CR, Aggarwal SK, Hennegan K, Milgroom A, Francis K, Dehipawala S, et al. Epidemiology and treatment of chronic graft-versus-host disease post-allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation: A US claims analysis. Transplant Cell Ther. 2021;27:504.e1–504.e6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zeiser R, Polverelli N, Ram R, Hashmi SK, Chakraverty R, Middeke JM, et al. Ruxolitinib for Glucocorticoid-refractory chronic graft-versus-host disease. N Engl J Med. 2021;385:228–38.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Penack O, Marchetti M, Aljurf M, Arat M, Bonifazi F, Duarte RF, et al. Prophylaxis and management of graft-versus-host disease after stem-cell transplantation for haematological malignancies: updated consensus recommendations of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Lancet Haematol. 2024;11:e147–e159.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Miklos D, Cutler CS, Arora M, Waller EK, Jagasia M, Pusic I, et al. Ibrutinib for chronic graft-versus-host disease after failure of prior therapy. Blood. 2017;130:2243–50.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Waller EK, Miklos D, Cutler C, Arora M, Jagasia MH, Pusic I, et al. Ibrutinib for chronic graft-versus-host disease after failure of prior therapy: 1-year update of a Phase 1b/2 study. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2019;25:2002–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Doki N, Toyosaki M, Shiratori S, Osumi T, Okada M, Kawakita T, et al. An open-label, single-arm, multicenter study of Ibrutinib in Japanese patients with steroid-dependent/refractory chronic graft-versus-host disease. Transplant Cell Ther. 2021;27:867.e1–867.e9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wolff D, Cutler C, Lee SJ, Pusic I, Bittencourt H, White J, et al. Axatilimab in recurrent or refractory chronic graft-versus-host disease. N Engl J Med. 2024;391:1002–14.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kitko CL, Arora M, DeFilipp Z, Zaid MA, Di Stasi A, Radojcic V, et al. Axatilimab for chronic graft-versus-host disease after failure of at least two prior systemic therapies: results of a Phase I/II study. J Clin Oncol. 2023;41:1864–75.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Blair HA. Belumosudil: first approval. Drugs. 2021;81:1677–82.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Flynn R, Paz K, Du J, Reichenbach DK, Taylor PA, Panoskaltsis-Mortari A, et al. Targeted Rho-associated kinase 2 inhibition suppresses murine and human chronic GVHD through a Stat3-dependent mechanism. Blood. 2016;127:2144–54.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zanin-Zhorov A, Weiss JM, Nyuydzefe MS, Chen W, Scher JU, Mo R, et al. Selective oral ROCK2 inhibitor down-regulates IL-21 and IL-17 secretion in human T cells via STAT3-dependent mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2014;111:16814–9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Riches DWH, Backos DS, Redente EF. ROCK and Rho: Promising therapeutic targets to ameliorate pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Pathol. 2015;185:909–12.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Knipe RS, Tager AM, Liao JK. The Rho kinases: critical mediators of multiple profibrotic processes and rational targets for new therapies for pulmonary fibrosis. Pharmacol Rev. 2015;67:103–17.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jagasia M, Lazaryan A, Bachier CR, Salhotra A, Weisdorf DJ, Zoghi B, et al. ROCK2 inhibition with Belumosudil (KD025) for the treatment of chronic graft-versus-host disease. J Clin Oncol. 2021;39:1888–98.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cutler C, Lee SJ, Arai S, Rotta M, Zoghi B, Lazaryan A, et al. Belumosudil for chronic graft-versus-host disease after 2 or more prior lines of therapy: the ROCKstar Study. Blood. 2021;138:2278–89.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lee SJ, Cutler C, Pavletic SZ, Blazar BR. Belumosudil for Chronic Graft-Versus-Host disease after 2 or more prior lines of systemic therapy: 3-year follow-up of the Rockstar Study. Transplant Cell Ther. 2024;30:S262–S263.

Article  Google Scholar 

Wang Y, Wu D, Zhang X, Li Y, He Y, Liu Q, et al. A phase II study of belumosudil for chronic graft-versus-host disease in patients who failed at least one line of systemic therapy in China. BMC Med. 2024;22:142.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Inamoto Y, Kato K, Kawakita T, Onishi Y, Matsuoka K-I, Shiratori S, et al. An open-label study of belumosudil, a selective ROCK2 inhibitor, as second or subsequent line of therapy for steroid-dependent/steroid-resistant chronic GVHD. Am J Hematol. 2024;99:1917–1926.

Jagasia MH, Greinix HT, Arora M, Williams KM, Wolff D, Cowen EW, et al. National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Project on Criteria for Clinical Trials in Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease: I. The 2014 Diagnosis and Staging Working Group report. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2015;21:389–401.e1.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee SJ, Wolff D, Kitko C, Koreth J, Inamoto Y, Jagasia M, et al. Measuring therapeutic response in chronic graft-versus-host disease. National Institutes of Health consensus development project on criteria for clinical trials in chronic graft-versus-host disease: IV. The 2014 Response Criteria Working Group report. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2015;21:984–99.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pidala JA, Hamilton BK, Martin PJ, Onstad L, Storer BE, Palmer J, et al. The Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease Failure-Free Survival (cGVHD-FFS) Index. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2019;25:2468–73.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Teh C, Onstad L, Lee SJ. Reliability and Validity of the Modified 7-Day Lee Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease Symptom Scale. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2020;26:562–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wolff D, Radojcic V, Lafyatis R, Cinar R, Rosenstein RK, Cowen EW, et al. National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Project on Criteria for Clinical Trials in Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease: IV. The 2020 Highly morbid forms report. Transplant Cell Ther. 2021;27:817–35.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Socié G, Salooja N, Cohen A, Rovelli A, Carreras E, Locasciulli A, et al. Nonmalignant late effects after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Blood. 2003;101:3373–85.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hildebrandt GC, Fazekas T, Lawitschka A, Bertz H, Greinix H, Halter J, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary chronic GVHD: report from the consensus conference on clinical practice in chronic GVHD. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2011;46:1283–95.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

DeFilipp Z, Kim HT, Yang Z, Noonan J, Blazar BR, Lee SJ, et al. Clinical response to belumosudil in bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome: a combined analysis from 2 prospective trials. Blood Adv. 2022;6:6263–70.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chin M, et al. Belumosudil Combination Therapy in Refractory Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease. Blood. 2022;140:4788–4789.

Raju G, et al. Real-World Experience Study of Belumosudil in Steroid-Refractory Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease (cGVHD) Demonstrated High Treatment Response without Significant Toxicities. TCT. 2024;30:S277–S278.

Raju G, et al. Combined Belumosudil-Ruxolitinib Therapy for the Treatment of Steroid-Refractory Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease (cGVHD) Was Associated with Robust Treatment Response and Was Well-Tolerated. TCT. 2024;30:S281.

Caputo J, et al. Combination ruxolitinib and belumosudil is tolerable and induces responses despite treatment failure as monotherapies. Leukemia & Lymphoma. 2024;66:131–138.

Pusic I, Lee C, Veeraputhiran M, Minor C, DiPersio JF. Belumosudil and ruxolitinib combination for treatment of refractory chronic graft-versus-host disease. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2024;59:282–284.