Parenteau CS, Lau EC, Campbell IC, Courtney A (2021) Prevalence of spine degeneration diagnosis by type, age, gender, and obesity using Medicare data. Sci Rep 11:5389. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-84724-6

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Briggs AM, Smith AJ, Straker LM, Bragge P (2009) Thoracic spine pain in the general population: prevalence, incidence and associated factors in children, adolescents and adults. A systematic review. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 10:77. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2474-10-77

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kjaer P, Wedderkopp N, Korsholm L, Leboeuf-Yde C (2011) Prevalence and tracking of back pain from childhood to adolescence. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 12:98. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2474-12-98

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Heneghan NR, Gormley S, Hallam C, Rushton A (2019) Management of thoracic spine pain and dysfunction: a survey of clinical practice in the UK. Musculoskelet Sci Pract 39:58–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msksp.2018.11.006

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Määttä J, Takatalo J, Leinonen T, Pienimäki T, Ylinen J, Häkkinen A (2022) Lower thoracic spine extension mobility is associated with higher intensity of thoracic spine pain. J Man Manip Ther 30:300–308. https://doi.org/10.1080/10669817.2022.2047270

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Manchikanti L, Soin A, Benyamin RM, Singh V, Falco FJ, Calodney AK, Grami V, Hirsch JA (2018) An update of the systematic appraisal of the accuracy and utility of discography in chronic spinal pain. Pain Phys 21:91–110

Article  Google Scholar 

Risetti M, Gambugini R, Testa M, Battista S (2023) Management of non-specific thoracic spine pain: a cross-sectional study among physiotherapists. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 24:398. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-023-06505-8

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

De Vitta A, Noll M, Monfort-Pañego M, Miñana-Signes V, Maciel NM (2023) Thoracic spine pain in high school adolescents: a one-year longitudinal study. Healthc (Basel) 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11020196

Guo Z, Blake GM, Li K, Liang W, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Xu L, Wang L, Brown JK, Cheng X, Pickhardt PJ (2020) Liver fat content measurement with quantitative CT validated against MRI proton density fat fraction: a prospective study of 400 healthy volunteers. Radiology 294:89–97. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2019190467

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kalichman L, Carmeli E, Been E (2017) The association between imaging parameters of the paraspinal muscles, spinal degeneration, and low back pain. BioMed Res Int 2017:2562957. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2562957

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cheng Z, Li Y, Li M, Huang J, Huang J, Liang Y, Lu S, Liang C, Xing T, Su K, Wen G, Zeng W, Huang L (2023) Correlation between posterior paraspinal muscle atrophy and lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration in patients with chronic low back pain. Int Orthop 47:793–801. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00264-022-05621-9

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fulgenzi CAM, D’Alessio A, Airoldi C, Scotti L, Demirtas CO, Gennari A, Cortellini A, Pinato DJ (2022) Comparative efficacy of novel combination strategies for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a network metanalysis of phase III trials. Eur J Cancer 174:57–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2022.06.058

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Noonan AM, Brown SHM (2021) Paraspinal muscle pathophysiology associated with low back pain and spine degenerative disorders. JOR Spine 4:e1171. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsp2.1171

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang X, Jia R, Li J, Zhu Y, Liu H, Wang W, Sun Y, Zhang F, Guo L, Zhang W (2021) Research progress on the mechanism of Lumbarmultifidus injury and degeneration. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2021:6629037. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6629037

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhu DC, Lin JH, Xu JJ, Guo Q, Wang YH, Jiang C, Lu HG, Wu YS (2021) An assessment of morphological and pathological changes in paravertebral muscle degeneration using imaging and histological analysis: a cross-sectional study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 22:854. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-021-04734-3

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

MacDonald D, Moseley LG, Hodges PW (2009) Why do some patients keep hurting their back? Evidence of ongoing back muscle dysfunction during remission from recurrent back pain. Pain 142:183–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2008.12.002

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

MacDonald D, Moseley GL, Hodges PW (2010) People with recurrent low back pain respond differently to trunk loading despite remission from symptoms. Spine 35:818–824. https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181bc98f1

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Macdonald DA, Dawson AP, Hodges PW (2011) Behavior of the lumbar multifidus during lower extremity movements in people with recurrent low back pain during symptom remission. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 41:155–164. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2011.3410

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bendersky D, Asem M, Navarrete O (2022) Lumbar facet effusions and other degeneration parameters and its association with instability. Neurol India 70:S224–S229. https://doi.org/10.4103/0028-3886.360912

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ota Y, Connolly M, Srinivasan A, Kim J, Capizzano AA, Moritani T (2020) Mechanisms and origins of spinal pain: from molecules to anatomy, with diagnostic clues and imaging findings. Radiographics 40:1163–1181. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2020190185

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ekşi MŞ, Özcan-Ekşi EE (2024) Fatty infiltration of the erector spinae at the upper lumbar spine could be a landmark for low back pain. Pain Pract 24:278–287. https://doi.org/10.1111/papr.13302

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Özcan-Ekşi EE, Ekşi MŞ, Akçal MA (2019) Severe lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration is associated with modic changes and fatty infiltration in the paraspinal muscles at all lumbar levels, except for L1-L2: a cross-sectional analysis of 50 symptomatic women and 50 age-matched symptomatic men. World Neurosurg 122:e1069–e1077. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2018.10.229

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hirai T, Yoshii T, Nagoshi N, Takeuchi K, Mori K, Ushio S, Iwanami A, Yamada T, Seki S, Tsuji T, Fujiyoshi K (2018) Distribution of ossified spinal lesions in patients with severe ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament and prediction of ossification at each segment based on the cervical OP index classification: a multicenter study (JOSL CT study). BMC Musculoskelet Disord 19:107. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-018-2009-7

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kim SI, Ha KY, Lee JW, Kim YH (2018) Prevalence and related clinical factors of thoracic ossification of the ligamentum flavum-a computed tomography-based cross-sectional study. Spine J 18:551–557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2017.08.240

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Özcan-Ekşi EE, Börekci A, Ekşi MŞ (2023) Facet joint orientation/tropism could be associated with fatty infiltration in the lumbar paraspinal muscles. World Neurosurg 173:e606–e615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2023.02.111

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bogduk N, Macintosh JE, Pearcy MJ (1992) A universal model of the lumbar back muscles in the upright position. Spine 17:897–913. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199208000-00007

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kadow T, Sowa G, Vo N, Kang JD (2015) Molecular basis of intervertebral disc degeneration and herniations: what are the important translational questions? Clin Orthop Relat Res 473:1903–1912. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-014-3774-8

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Umezawa H, Daimon K, Fujiwara H, Nishiwaki Y, Michikawa T, Okada E, Nojiri K, Watanabe M, Katoh H, Shimizu K, Ishihama H (2022) Changes in cross-sectional areas of posterior extensor muscles in thoracic spine: a 10-year longitudinal MRI study. Sci Rep 12:14717. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-19000-2

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Guo DM, Weng YZ, Yu ZH, Li SH, Qu WR, Liu XN, Qi H, Ma C, Tang XF, Li RY, Han Q, Xu H, Lu WW, Qin YG (2024) Semi-automatic proximal humeral trabecular bone density assessment tool: technique application and clinical validation. Osteoporos Int 35:1049–1059. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-024-07047-y

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Subramaniam RM, Janowitz WR, Johnson GB, Lodge MA, Parisi MT, Ferguson MR, Hellinger JC, Gladish GW, Gupta NK (2017) ACR-SPR-STR practice parameter for the performance of cardiac positron emission tomography - computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging. Clin Nucl Med 42:918–927. https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0000000000001827