World Health Organization. Obesity and overweight. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight.

Powell-Wiley TM, Poirier P, Burke LE, et al. Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021;143(21). https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000973

Ruze R, Liu T, Zou X, et al. Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus: connections in epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatments. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023;14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1161521

Li Y, Pan A, Wang DD, et al. Impact of Healthy Lifestyle Factors on Life Expectancies in the US Population. Circulation. 2018;138(4):345–55. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.032047.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Quek J, Chan KE, Wong ZY, et al. Global prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in the overweight and obese population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;8(1):20–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(22)00317-X.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rinella ME, Lazarus JV, Ratziu V, et al. A multisociety Delphi consensus statement on new fatty liver disease nomenclature. Ann Hepatol. 2024;29(1): 101133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aohep.2023.101133.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Farrell GC, Chitturi S, Lau GKK, Sollano JD, Asia-Pacific Working Party on NAFLD. Guidelines for the assessment and management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in the Asia-Pacific region: executive summary. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;22(6):775–777. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1746.2007.05002.x

Eslam M, Sanyal AJ, George J, et al. MAFLD: A Consensus-Driven Proposed Nomenclature for Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease. Gastroenterology. 2020;158(7):1999–2014.e1. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2019.11.312.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Eslam M, Newsome PN, Sarin SK, et al. A new definition for metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: An international expert consensus statement. J Hepatol. 2020;73(1):202–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2020.03.039.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Huttasch M, Roden M, Kahl S. Obesity and MASLD: Is weight loss the (only) key to treat metabolic liver disease? Metabolism. 2024;157: 155937. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2024.155937.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Singh S, Allen AM, Wang Z, Prokop LJ, Murad MH, Loomba R. Fibrosis Progression in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver vs Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Paired-Biopsy Studies. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;13(4):643–654.e9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2014.04.014.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Azzu V, Vacca M, Virtue S, Allison M, Vidal-Puig A. Adipose Tissue-Liver Cross Talk in the Control of Whole-Body Metabolism: Implications in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Gastroenterology. 2020;158(7):1899–912. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2019.12.054.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lonardo A, Mantovani A, Lugari S, Targher G. Epidemiology and pathophysiology of the association between NAFLD and metabolically healthy or metabolically unhealthy obesity. Ann Hepatol. 2020;19(4):359–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aohep.2020.03.001.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vilar-Gomez E, Martinez-Perez Y, Calzadilla-Bertot L, et al. Weight Loss Through Lifestyle Modification Significantly Reduces Features of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Gastroenterology. 2015;149(2):367–78.e5; quiz e14–5. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2015.04.005

Promrat K, Kleiner DE, Niemeier HM, et al. Randomized controlled trial testing the effects of weight loss on nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology. 2010;51(1):121–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.23276.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kirk E, Reeds DN, Finck BN, Mayurranjan SM, Patterson BW, Klein S. Dietary fat and carbohydrates differentially alter insulin sensitivity during caloric restriction. Gastroenterology. 2009;136(5):1552–60. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2009.01.048.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yoshino M, Kayser BD, Yoshino J, et al. Effects of Diet versus Gastric Bypass on Metabolic Function in Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(8):721–32. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2003697.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Magkos F, Fraterrigo G, Yoshino J, et al. Effects of Moderate and Subsequent Progressive Weight Loss on Metabolic Function and Adipose Tissue Biology in Humans with Obesity. Cell Metab. 2016;23(4):591–601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2016.02.005.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ali H, Shahzil M, Moond V, et al. Non-Pharmacological Approach to Diet and Exercise in Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease: Bridging the Gap between Research and Clinical Practice. J Pers Med. 2024;14(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14010061

Kwon YJ, Choi JE, Hong KW, Lee JW. Interplay of Mediterranean-diet adherence, genetic factors, and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease risk in Korea. J Transl Med. 2024;22(1):591. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-024-05408-z.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Muscogiuri G, Verde L, Sulu C, et al. Mediterranean Diet and Obesity-related Disorders: What is the Evidence? Curr Obes Rep. 2022;11(4):287–304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-022-00481-1.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dobbie LJ, Burgess J, Hamid A, et al. Effect of a Low-Calorie Dietary Intervention on Liver Health and Body Weight in Adults with Metabolic-Dysfunction Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) and Overweight/Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2024;16(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16071030

De Nucci S, Bonfiglio C, Donvito R, et al. Effects of an Eight Week Very Low-Calorie Ketogenic Diet (VLCKD) on White Blood Cell and Platelet Counts in Relation to Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) in Subjects with Overweight and Obesity. Nutrients. 2023;15(20). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15204468

Schaffner F, Thaler H. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Prog Liver Dis. 1986;8:283–98.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Loomba R, Friedman SL, Shulman GI. Mechanisms and disease consequences of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Cell. 2021;184(10):2537–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2021.04.015.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bril F, Barb D, Portillo-Sanchez P, et al. Metabolic and histological implications of intrahepatic triglyceride content in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 2017;65(4):1132–44. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.28985.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brown MS, Goldstein JL. Selective versus Total Insulin Resistance: A Pathogenic Paradox. Cell Metab. 2008;7(2):95–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2007.12.009.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mthembu SXH, Dludla P V, Ziqubu K, et al. The Potential Role of Polyphenols in Modulating Mitochondrial Bioenergetics within the Skeletal Muscle: A Systematic Review of Preclinical Models. Molecules. 2021;26(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092791

Herman MA, Birnbaum MJ. Molecular aspects of fructose metabolism and metabolic disease. Cell Metab. 2021;33(12):2329–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2021.09.010.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Eng JM, Estall JL. Diet-Induced Models of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Food for Thought on Sugar, Fat, and Cholesterol. Cells. 2021;10(7):1805. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10071805.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Muriel P, López-Sánchez P, Ramos-Tovar E. Fructose and the Liver. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(13). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22136969

Softic S, Stanhope KL, Boucher J, et al. Fructose and hepatic insulin resistance. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 2020;57(5):308–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408363.2019.1711360.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Staltner R, Burger K, Baumann A, Bergheim I. Fructose: a modulator of intestinal barrier function and hepatic health? Eur J Nutr. 2023;62(8):3113–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-023-03232-7.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Grosso G, Laudisio D, Frias-Toral E, et al. Anti-Inflammatory Nutrients and Obesity-Associated Metabolic-Inflammation: State of the Art and Future Direction. Nutrients. 2022;14(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14061137

Kawai T, Autieri MV, Scalia R. Adipose tissue inflammation and metabolic dysfunction in obesity. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2021;320(3):C375–91. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00379.2020.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Goodpaster BH, He J, Watkins S, Kelley DE. Skeletal Muscle Lipid Content and Insulin Resistance: Evidence for a Paradox in Endurance-Trained Athletes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86(12):5755–61. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.86.12.8075.

Article  CAS