Roth GA, Abate D, Abate KH, Abay SM, Abbafati C, Abbasi N, et al. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet. 2018;392(10159):1736–88.

Article  Google Scholar 

Stensballe J, Ostrowski SR, Johansson PI. Haemostatic resuscitation in trauma: the next generation. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2016;22(6):591–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mitra B, Tullio F, Cameron PA, Fitzgerald M. Trauma patients with the “triad of death.” Emerg Med J EMJ. 2012;29(8):622–5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kashuk JL, Moore EE, Millikan JS, Moore JB. Major abdominal vascular trauma–a unified approach. J Trauma. 1982;22(8):672–9.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bozorgi F, Khatir IG, Ghanbari H, Jahanian F, Arabi M, Ahidashti HA, et al. investigation of frequency of the lethal triad and its 24 hours prognostic value among patients with multiple traumas. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2019;7(6):962–6.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Smith A, Hendrix V, Shapiro M, Duchesne J, Taghavi S, Schroll R, et al. Is the “death triad” a casualty of modern damage control resuscitation. J Surg Res. 2021;259:393–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

MacKay EJ, Stubna MD, Holena DN, Reilly PM, Seamon MJ, Smith BP, et al. Abnormal calcium levels during trauma resuscitation are associated with increased mortality, increased blood product use, and greater hospital resource consumption: a pilot investigation. Anesth Analg. 2017;125(3):895–901.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Wray JP, Bridwell RE, Schauer SG, Shackelford SA, Bebarta VS, Wright FL, et al. The diamond of death: Hypocalcemia in trauma and resuscitation. Am J Emerg Med. 2021;41:104–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

de Rocquigny G, Pasquier P. Calcium management in massive hemorrhage protocols. Injury. 2019;50(3):817–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Morgan JP, Perreault CL, Morgan KG. The cellular basis of contraction and relaxation in cardiac and vascular smooth muscle. Am Heart J. 1991;121(3 Pt 1):961–8.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Desai TK, Carlson RW, Thill-Baharozian M, Geheb MA. A direct relationship between ionized calcium and arterial pressure among patients in an intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 1988;16(6):578–82.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

De Robertis E, Kozek-Langenecker SA, Tufano R, Romano GM, Piazza O, Zito MG. Coagulopathy induced by acidosis, hypothermia and hypocalcaemia in severe bleeding. Minerva Anestesiol. 2015;81(1):65–75.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

DeBot M, Sauaia A, Schaid T, Moore EE. Trauma-induced hypocalcemia. Transfusion. 2022;62(Suppl 1):S274–80.

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Webster S, Todd S, Redhead J, Wright C. Ionised calcium levels in major trauma patients who received blood in the Emergency Department. Emerg Med J. 2016;33(8):569–72.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Magnotti LJ, Bradburn EH, Webb DL, Berry SD, Fischer PE, Zarzaur BL, et al. Admission ionized calcium levels predict the need for multiple transfusions: a prospective study of 591 critically Ill trauma patients. J Trauma Inj Infect Crit Care. 2011;70(2):391–7.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Li K, Xu Y. Citrate metabolism in blood transfusions and its relationship due to metabolic alkalosis and respiratory acidosis. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015;8(4):6578–84.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bunker JP, Bendixen HH, Murphy AJ. Hemodynamic effects of intravenously administered sodium citrate. N Engl J Med. 1962;22(266):372–7.

Article  Google Scholar 

Sihler KC, Napolitano LM. Complications of massive transfusion. Chest. 2010;137(1):209–20.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Maxwell MJ, Wilson MJA. Complications of blood transfusion. Contin Educ Anaesth Crit Care Pain. 2006;6(6):225–9.

Article  Google Scholar 

Vettorello M, Altomare M, Spota A, Cioffi SPB, Rossmann M, Mingoli A, et al. Early hypocalcemia in severe trauma: an independent risk factor for coagulopathy and massive transfusion. J Pers Med. 2022;13(1):63.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Helsloot D, Fitzgerald M, Lefering R, Verelst S, Missant C, TraumaRegister DGU. Trauma-induced disturbances in ionized calcium levels correlate parabolically with coagulopathy, transfusion, and mortality: a multicentre cohort analysis from the TraumaRegister DGU®. Crit Care Lond Engl. 2023;27(1):267.

Article  Google Scholar 

Ciaraglia A, Lumbard D, DeLeon M, Barry L, Braverman M, Schauer S, et al. Retrospective analysis of the effects of hypocalcemia in severely injured trauma patients. Injury. 2024;1:111386.

Article  Google Scholar 

Ditzel RM, Anderson JL, Eisenhart WJ, Rankin CJ, DeFeo DR, Oak S, et al. A review of transfusion- and trauma-induced hypocalcemia: Is it time to change the lethal triad to the lethal diamond? J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2020;88(3):434–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Butcher N, Balogh ZJ. AIS>2 in at least two body regions: a potential new anatomical definition of polytrauma. Injury. 2012;43(2):196–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Savitsky B, Givon A, Rozenfeld M, Radomislensky I, Peleg K. Traumatic brain injury: It is all about definition. Brain Inj. 2016;30(10):1194–200.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Rauch S, Marzolo M, Cappello TD, Ströhle M, Mair P, Pietsch U, et al. Severe traumatic brain injury and hypotension is a frequent and lethal combination in multiple trauma patients in mountain areas: an analysis of the prospective international Alpine Trauma Registry. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2021;29(1):61.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zatta AJ, McQuilten ZK, Mitra B, Roxby DJ, Sinha R, Whitehead S, et al. Elucidating the clinical characteristics of patients captured using different definitions of massive transfusion. Vox Sang. 2014;107(1):60–70.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

DeLong ER, DeLong DM, Clarke-Pearson DL. Comparing the areas under two or more correlated receiver operating characteristic curves: a nonparametric approach. Biometrics. 1988;44(3):837–45.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, Gøtzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP, et al. The strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Int J Surg Lond Engl. 2014;12(12):1495–9.

Article  Google Scholar 

Moore EE, Moore HB, Kornblith LZ, Neal MD, Hoffman M, Mutch NJ, et al. Trauma-induced coagulopathy. Nat Rev Dis Primer. 2021;7(1):30.

Article  Google Scholar 

Balogh ZJ. Polytrauma: acute acquired mitochondrial disease. Injury. 2023;S0020–1383(23):00417–25.

Google Scholar 

Hall C, Nagengast AK, Knapp C, Behrens B, Dewey EN, Goodman A, et al. Massive transfusions and severe hypocalcemia: an opportunity for monitoring and supplementation guidelines. Transfusion. 2021;61(Suppl 1):S188–94.

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Chanthima P, Yuwapattanawong K, Thamjamrassri T, Nathwani R, Stansbury LG, Vavilala MS, et al. Association between ionized calcium concentrations during hemostatic transfusion and calcium treatment with mortality in major trauma. Anesth Analg. 2021;132(6):1684–91.

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Zhang J, Zhang F, Dong J. Coagulopathy induced by traumatic brain injury: systemic manifestation of a localized injury. Blood. 2018;131(18):2001–6.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Rushton TJ, Tian DH, Baron A, Hess JR, Burns B. Correction: Hypocalcaemia upon arrival (HUA) in trauma patients who did and did not receive prehospital blood products: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2024;50(6):3353–3353. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00068-024-02544-5.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central