Orvain C, Boulch M, Bousso P, Allanore Y, Avouac J. Is There a place for chimeric antigen receptor-T cells in the treatment of chronic autoimmune rheumatic diseases? Arthritis Rheumatol. 2021;73:1954–65.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schett G, Nagy G, Kronke G, Mielenz D. B-cell depletion in autoimmune diseases. Ann Rheum Dis. 2024;83:1409–20.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schett G, Muller F, Taubmann J, Mackensen A, Wang W, Furie RA, et al. Advancements and challenges in CAR T cell therapy in autoimmune diseases. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2024;83:1409–20.

Google Scholar 

Muller F, Taubmann J, Bucci L, Wilhelm A, Bergmann C, Volkl S, et al. CD19 CAR T-cell therapy in autoimmune disease—a case series with follow-up. N Engl J Med. 2024;390:687–700.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hay KA, Hanafi LA, Li D, Gust J, Liles WC, Wurfel MM, et al. Kinetics and biomarkers of severe cytokine release syndrome after CD19 chimeric antigen receptor-modified T-cell therapy. Blood. 2017;130:2295–306.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Larson RC, Maus MV. Recent advances and discoveries in the mechanisms and functions of CAR T cells. Nat Rev Cancer. 2021;21:145–61.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Barnett LG, Simkins HM, Barnett BE, Korn LL, Johnson AL, Wherry EJ, et al. B cell antigen presentation in the initiation of follicular helper T cell and germinal center differentiation. J Immunol. 2014;192:3607–17.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Duddy M, Niino M, Adatia F, Hebert S, Freedman M, Atkins H, et al. Distinct effector cytokine profiles of memory and naive human B cell subsets and implication in multiple sclerosis. J Immunol. 2007;178:6092–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moulton VR, Suarez-Fueyo A, Meidan E, Li H, Mizui M, Tsokos GC. Pathogenesis of human systemic lupus erythematosus: a cellular perspective. Trends Mol Med. 2017;23:615–35.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Casan JML, Wong J, Northcott MJ, Opat S. Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies: reviewing a revolution. Hum Vaccines Immunother. 2018;14:2820–41.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Rovin BH, Furie R, Latinis K, Looney RJ, Fervenza FC, Sanchez-Guerrero J, et al. Efficacy and safety of rituximab in patients with active proliferative lupus nephritis: the Lupus Nephritis Assessment with Rituximab study. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64:1215–26.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Scherlinger M, Carcaud C, Truchetet ME, Barnetche T, Duffau P, Couzi L, et al. Rituximab in moderate to severe non-renal systemic lupus erythematosus: a reanalysis of the EXPLORER study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2019;78:1007–10.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ebata S, Yoshizak A, Oba K, Kashiwabara K, Ueda K, Uemura Y, et al. Safety and efficacy of rituximab in systemic sclerosis (DESIRES): a double-blind, investigator-initiated, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Rheumatol. 2021;3:E489–97.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee DSW, Rojas OL, Gommerman JL. B cell depletion therapies in autoimmune disease: advances and mechanistic insights. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2021;20:179–99.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Du FH, Mills EA, Mao-Draayer Y. Next-generation anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies in autoimmune disease treatment. Auto Immun Highlights. 2017;8:12.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Boleto G, Avouac J, Wipff J, Forien M, Dougados M, Roux C, et al. Predictors of hypogammaglobulinemia during rituximab maintenance therapy in rheumatoid arthritis: a 12-year longitudinal multi-center study. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2018;48:149–54.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Avouac J, Miceli-Richard C, Combier A, Steelandt A, Fogel O, Mariaggi AA, et al. Risk factors of impaired humoral response to COVID-19 vaccination in rituximab-treated patients. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2022;61:SI163–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang JY, Wang L. CAR-T cell therapy: where are we now, and where are we heading? Blood Sci. 2023;5:237–48.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Blache U, Tretbar S, Koehl U, Mougiakakos D, Fricke S. CAR T cells for treating autoimmune diseases. RMD Open. 2023;9:e002907.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gupta S, Simic M, Sagan SA, Shepherd C, Duecker J, Sobel RA, et al. CAR-T cell-mediated B-cell depletion in central nervous system autoimmunity. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2023;10:e200080.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Morris EC, Neelapu SS, Giavridis T, Sadelain M. Cytokine release syndrome and associated neurotoxicity in cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Immunol. 2022;22:85–96.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Frenking JH, Zhou X, Wagner V, Hielscher T, Kauer J, Mai EK, et al. EASIX-guided risk stratification for complications and outcome after CAR T-cell therapy with ide-cel in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. J Immunother Cancer. 2024;12:e009220.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gajra A, Zalenski A, Sannareddy A, Jeune-Smith Y, Kapinos K, Kansagra A. Barriers to chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapies in clinical practice. Pharm Med. 2022;36:163–71.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Meir J, Abid MA, Abid MB. State of the CAR-T: risk of infections with chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy and determinants of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine responses. Transplant Cell Ther. 2021;27:973–87.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cappell KM, Kochenderfer JN. Long-term outcomes following CAR T cell therapy: what we know so far. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2023;20:359–71.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mackensen A, Muller F, Mougiakakos D, Boltz S, Wilhelm A, Aigner M, et al. Anti-CD19 CAR T cell therapy for refractory systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat Med. 2022;28:2124–32.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cabaletta bio reports second quarter 2024 financial results and provides business update. https://www.cabalettabio.com/investors/news-events/press-releases/detail/114/cabaletta-bio-reports-second-quarter-2024-financial-results. Accessed 11 Nov 2024.

Thoreau B, Chaigne B, Mouthon L. Role of B-cell in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis. Front Immunol. 2022;13: 933468.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Elhai M, Boubaya M, Distler O, Smith V, Matucci-Cerinic M, Alegre Sancho JJ, et al. Outcomes of patients with systemic sclerosis treated with rituximab in contemporary practice: a prospective cohort study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2019;78:979–87.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Merkt W, Freitag M, Claus M, Kolb P, Falcone V, Rohrich M, et al. Third-generation CD19.CAR-T cell-containing combination therapy in Scl70+ systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2024;83:543–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pecher AC, Hensen L, Klein R, Schairer R, Lutz K, Atar D, et al. CD19-Targeting CAR T cells for myositis and interstitial lung disease associated with antisynthetase syndrome. JAMA. 2023;329:2154–62.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Avouac J, Cauvet A, Orvain C, Boulch M, Tilotta F, Tu L, et al. Effects of B cell depletion by CD19-targeted chimeric antigen receptor T cells in a murine model of systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2024;76:268–78.

Article  CAS