Ethics approval and consent to participate

This study was conducted in accordance with the tenets of the Helsinki Declaration (as revised in 2013) and has been approved by the Genetic Beta Cell Research Bank, Exeter, UK (study approval number = SGBCRB002). The Genetic Beta Cell Research Bank has been granted ethical approval by Wales Research Ethics Committee 5 (REC reference = 22/WA/0268). Informed consent was obtained from all individuals included in this study, or their legal guardians or wards.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

RAO and MNW were awarded £2.2 million by Randox Laboratories to fund research for 3 years (Feb 2022–2025) on developing genetic risk scores for prediction and classification of autoimmune diseases.