記住我
Rathika Radhakrishnan*
and Srinivasan Subramanium
Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India.
Corresponding Author E-mail:rathikaradha1997@gmail.com
Article Publishing History
Article Received on : 25 May 2024
Article Accepted on :
Article Published : 19 Dec 2024
In the current investigation, Cu/Ag/Ru trimetallic nanoparticles (TNPs) were produced using Andrographis paniculata, a medicinal herb known for its antibacterial, anticancer, antifungal, antiviral properties, and extensive therapeutic uses. Recently, nanotechnology has become essential for the progress of research and addressing environmental pollution issues. These trimetallic or polymetallic nanoparticles has been synthesized and characterized further. The presence of TNPs was confirmed through UV, FTIR, SEM, and EDX analyses. UV studies indicated that the TNPs exhibited absorption peaks within the range of 200 to 400 nm. The various phytochemical constituents such as alkaloids, terpenoids, aldehydes, ketones, and phenols present in the plant were identified by FTIR analysis. The size, morphology, elemental composition, crystallinity, and three-dimensional structure of the TNPs were verified using SEM, EDX, XRD, and AFM techniques. The dimensions of the TNPs ranged from 20 to 60 nm. The TNPs demonstrated remarkable results in both antibacterial and photocatalytic activities, particularly in dye degradation. The different bacterial strains were utilized effectively for anticancer studies. To reduce the use of harmful substances that can impact the environment, the TNPs were synthesized biologically, making them eco-friendly, cost-effective, and devoid of harmful byproducts in the synthesis process.
KEYWORDS:Antibacterial; Anticancer; Antifungal; Antiviral; Cost-effective; Eco-friendly; Photocatalytic Activities; Trimetallic Nanoparticles
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Copy the following to cite this article:Radhakrishnan R, Srinivasan S. Plant Mediated Synthesis Cu-Ag-Ru Trimetallic Nanoparticles Using Andrographis Paniculata extract: Antibacterial, Anticancer and Photocatalytic Activities. Orient J Chem 2024;40(6).
Radhakrishnan R, Srinivasan S. Plant Mediated Synthesis Cu-Ag-Ru Trimetallic Nanoparticles Using Andrographis Paniculata extract: Antibacterial, Anticancer and Photocatalytic Activities. Orient J Chem 2024;40(6). Available from: https://bit.ly/3ZMAC4V
Introduction
Cancer ranks among the most lethal diseases, resulting in deaths prior to the age of 70 across the globe. According to GLOBOCAN, cancer cases are on the rise, leading to over 9.6 million fatalities worldwide, with predictions indicating further increases by 20401. It appears that one in nine individuals is likely to develop cancer during their lifetime. High rates of lung cancer are observed in males, while breast cancer predominates in females. In children, cancers such as lymphoid leukemia affect boys (29.2%) and girls (24.2%).. It was estimated that the incidence of cancer cases will rise from 1.46 million (2022) to 1.57 million(2025)2. Factors such as rapid urbanization, an older demographic, sedentary and unhealthy lifestyles, fast-food consumption, and air pollution—both indoor and outdoor—seriously impact individuals in middle- to low-income countries like India 3.
The Indian Council of Medical Informatics and Research (NCDIR) and the National Cancer Registry Programme (NCRP) provide crucial statistics on cancer cases. The data indicates that cancer prevalence is higher among males than females 4. Numerous synthetic medications are available, but they often come with side effects. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy have been developed as cancer treatment options, though they also carry side effects5. The discovery of drugs through biological methods has led to the identification of many treatments derived from various medicinal plants aimed at addressing diseases6. Drugs sourced from medicinal plants have shown effectiveness and minimal side effects7.
Andrographis paniculata is a traditional Ayurvedic remedy, part of the Andrographis genus in the Acanthaceae family, which consists of 40 species. Commonly known as the King of Bitter (Kalmegh), it is an annual, branched herb utilized for various health issues8. The decoction of this plant is utilized for treating ailments such as fever, colic, the common cold, leucorrhea, prenatal and postnatal care, jaundice, gonorrhea, wounds, and snake bites9,10. This plant is used to treat respiratory infections, sore throats, and chronic diseases. It naturally possesses antimicrobial11, anti-inflammatory12, antioxidant13, antiallergic and hepatoprotective activity, and nephroprotective activity14. It was found to have high efficacy in anticancer activity against neuroblastoma (IMR-32) and human cell lines15. Some of the compounds in Andrographis paniculata, such as 14-deoxyandrographolide and hydroandrographolide, . These compounds, at higher concentrations, have highly effective cytotoxicity towards HPBL 16,17.
Nanomedicine involves the application of knowledge and tools of nanotechnology to diagnose, treat, and prevent disease with minimal side effects 18. Nanomaterials are attractive due to their innovative methodologies and glorious applications because of their physical, chemical, biological, optical, and electrical properties. Some metals like palladium, silver, gold, ruthenium, and copper nanoparticles were synthesized by various routes, and the formation of nanoparticles depends upon the particle size and shapes 19.
Nanomaterials have a wide spectrum of applications in areas ranging from catalytics, photonics, molecular computing, energy storage, fuel cells, tuneable resonant devices, sensors, etc. This is because of increased reactivity in nanoscale materials when compared to their nanosized counterparts20. In fact, it has special properties such as small dimensions, electrical, mechanical, optical, magnetic, and thermal stabilizing properties, and a high surface-to-volume ratio. The surface coating of nanoparticles (NPs) also plays a significant role. Metallic NPs are catagorised into monometallic, dimetallic and polymetallic nanoparticles depending upon the number of metals and oxidation state of the metals. These polymetallic nanoparticles(NPS) have attracted attention because of their enhanced catalytic properties20. The bioengineered NPs are designed to remove harmful particles from the polluted water. Since it is toxic to heavy metals from industries and wastewater from households21.
Multi-metallic NPs are generally considered novel materials because they incorporate two or more metals to make alloys. The Multi metallic NPs can be modified to enhance their physicochemical and morphological properties throuigh controlling its structure,temperature,kinetic factor, and shapes to achieve maximum potential and applications. It was concluded that the Multi metallic NPs have specific characteristics that result from the combined effects of individual metals22. The cytotoxicity of metallic NPs synthesized in an aqueous medium of plant extract depends upon the time, dose, etc., particularly their size and shape. It was reported that the smaller size of the NPs was more potent than other shapes. The metallic NPs were closely associated with the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). During the DPPH scavenging activity, the diluted NPs were suspended in an aqueous solution of 0.02% to assess the radical scavenging activity23.
Nanoparticles as drug carrier
Several improvements have been made to chemotherapy over the past 25 years. Some drugs are proven to have excellent efficacy but cause severe side effects and also affect the quality of life. More importantly, these drugs are very expensive. For example, dEPoB was synthesized based on the mechanism of action of paclitaxel and reported to be more efficient than paclitaxel. The discovery of new drugs is a slow process to reduce the existing side effects. However, the ideal chemotherapeutics can be achieved, which requires a high level of concentration of drugs able to concentrate affected cells without disturbing non-targeted tissues and organs. They should be designed in such a way to cause very minimal or no side effects. This concept, also known as ‘ magic bullet’, comes from the experience of German chemist Paul Ehrlich. The magic bullet consists of two components. One should be designed to recognize the target cells and bind to them. Another should play a therapeutic role in this target. In many cases, anticancer payloads, namely radionucleotides, toxins, and chemotherapeutic agents, have been delivered to tumors via monoclonal antibodies24. The various pharmaceutical carriers, including polymers, microcapsules, microparticles, cells, cell ghosts, lipoproteins, liposomes, and micelles, have been used as carriers to multiply the number of drug molecules per target without affecting the normal surrounding cells and tissues. There has been recent progress in the development of nanoparticles. The different kinds of nanoparticles, such as organic, inorganic, and hybrid nanoparticles, are designed to improve the interaction between the biomolecules, controlled transport, and releases25.
Synthesis of Nanoparticles
The various physical and chemical methods, such as electrochemical, ultrasonication, chemical vapor deposition, etc., are significant; the formation of NPs depends upon the process, such as the kinetics of interaction between the metal ions with the reagent, adsorption, influence in morphology, and physiochemical parameters 26,27. Figure 1. shows the methods of synthesis of nanoparticles.
The metallic nanoparticles Ru, Ag, and Pd were produced from the aqueous extract of garlic tunicate leaves. The average dimensions of these TNPs ranged from 50 to 90 nm28. Copper oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using the leaf extract of the Ficus religiosa. Additionally, the anticancer properties can be evaluated at varying concentrations of CuO NPs, which were identified to be 200 µg/mL in A549 cells after 36 hours29. Silver nanoparticles were generated using Andrographis paniculata through an extracellular approach30. Likewise, silver nanoparticles have been produced utilizing numerous plant extracts, including Areca catechu, Maesa calophylla, Maesa laxiflora, Adinandra poilanei, and others. Notably, the six extracts exhibited greater 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydroxyl radical scavenging activity and reducing potential compared to any other extracts. The Ag NPs displayed significant negative zeta potential values, with hydrodynamic sizes ranging from 12.5±1.0 nm to 21.3±4.9 nm. Furthermore, they demonstrated substantial cytotoxic effects on A549 and HeLa cells31. Certain metal nanoparticles, including cadmium oxide (CdO), neodymium oxide (Nd2O3), and nickel nanoparticles, were synthesized using extracts of Andrographis paniculata, and these nanoparticles showed effectiveness in anticancer research employing MCF-7 cells32,33.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Copper sulfate, silver nitrate, and ruthenium chloride were brought from the Sisco Chemical Laboratory with high purity.
Preparation of TNPS
Approximately 10 grams of fresh Andrographis paniculata leaves were gathered, thoroughly rinsed with tap water to eliminate any contaminants, and then allowed to dry at room temperature. About 250 milliliters of double-distilled or deionized water was used. Around 150 milliliters of this water was added and boiled for one hour at 60 °C to create a plant extract. The resulting solution took on a straw yellow hue. The solution was left overnight and then filtered using Whatman 40 filter paper.
Approximately 3 milliliters of 0.1 N copper sulfate, silver nitrate, and ruthenium chloride were incorporated and heated to 70 °C for one hour. Subsequently, the precursor solution was combined with the extract solution, resulting in a color change from straw yellow to black. The solution was placed on a magnetic stirrer and left still at room temperature. The precipitate that formed was filtered, rinsed with ethanol several times to remove any impurities, and then dried in an oven at 150 °C. Consequently, TNPs were produced and are available for characterization for further analysis.
Characterization of TNPs
The biological preparation was initially validated through UV-visible spectroscopy. It was subsequently analyzed using a SHIMADZU-UV 1800 UV-visible spectrophotometer and quartz, utilizing a 10 mm path length. This device is employed to acquire qualitative information about substances via their characteristic absorption patterns present in the samples. The morphology of the nanoparticles (NPs) can be verified using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The SEM (model: JEOL-JSM-IT200) operates at an accelerating voltage range of 0.5 kV to 30 kV, with images captured at various magnifications, including 1500X, 5000X, and 10,000X, among others. The interactions between metals and the biochemical compounds found in the NPs can be explored with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The elemental makeup and ratio of individual metals within the TNPs can be assessed using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Additionally, the crystallinity and average size of the NPs can be gauged through X-ray diffraction (XRD). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) (model: K alpha) can be employed to validate the formation of NPs and the oxidation states of the metals in the materials. The decomposition, melting points, purity, and energy transitions may be examined with a thermal analyzer (model: NETZSCH-STA449F3 Jupiter). The temperature can be varied from room temperature up to 1400 °C at a rate of 10,200 °C/min in a volume of 10 ml liquid within a blank atmosphere.
Result And Discussion
UV-Visible Spectroscopy
The UV-visible spectroscopy used to assess the formation of nanoparticles and the absorption of the biological TNPs was measured in the range of 200–400 nm. The strong surface plasmon peaks observed at 210nm and 330nm correspond to metals such as CuO, Ag, and Ru NPs. These resonance peaks confirm the formation of the inner and outer cores of TNPs. Moreover, the formation of NPs can be visually confirmed by the color changes from straw yellow to black, and Figure 3A. represents the UV-visible spectra of TNPs.
FTIR
Different functional groups, including ketones, aldehydes, alkaloids, and terpenoids, in the plant extract contribute to the reduction of metals into metallic nanoparticles (NPs). This research aimed to identify the functional groups present in the NPs, as well as to assess the interaction between the metal and the plant extract. The observed bands at 3360, 2900, 1720, and 1160 cm-1 correspond to the stretching vibrations of OH, C-H, C=O, C=C, and C-O, respectively. The functional groups found in the TNPs suggest the presence of bioorganic compounds such as phenols, amino acids, and carboxylic acids, among others33,34. A band detected at 3390 and 1640 cm-1 is associated with C=O stretching vibrations from carboxyl groups and C=N bending from amide groups. The band around 1590 cm-1 aligns with the N-H band of primary amines found in the Andrographis paniculata extract. The approximately 2900 cm–1 band corresponds to phenolic and alcoholic compounds in the Andrographis paniculata extract. The slight overlapping bands in this spectrum indicate that the extract of Andrographis paniculata is integrated with the metal NPs. Additionally, the bands observed below 600 cm-1 are primarily attributed to the metal-metal interactions within the TNPs33.
SEM and EDX
The dimensions and configuration of the TNPs can be assessed through SEM analysis, while EDX provides insights into the elemental composition of each TNP, as depicted in Fig. 3C. Figure 3. C illustrates the SEM analysis at various magnification levels of 1 m, 5 m, 10 m, and 500 m, showing that the shape of the TNPs is spherical, manifesting an agglomerated structure where individual NPs cluster together. In the EDX analysis, the metal NPs are composed of carbon (38.9%), oxygen (43.38%), copper (3.2%), ruthenium (4.7%), and silver (10.21%), respectively.
Figure 3C: shows SEM analysis of TNPs at 10µm,5µm,1µm and 500µm respectively and shows EDX spectra of TNPs.
XRD
The material’s lattice, crystallinity, average size, and crystal orientation of the NPs can be investigated using XRD analysis. The observed diffraction sharp peaks positions at 2θ= 32.590, 35.610, 38.780, 48.820, 53.37, 66.31, 68.15, 72.4 were assigned to (110), (-111), (111),(-202),(020),(202),(-113),(-311),(220),(-220), and (311) are consistent with the previous literature (JCPDS No. 01-080-0076) of copper oxide NPs with a monoclinic phase[34]. The prominent diffraction peaks at 2θ = 37.99, 46.29, 64.34, and 77.19 correspond to cubic crystalline Ag NPs with JCPDS No. 04-0783[35]. The diffraction peaks of RU NPs were assigned to hexagonal The average size of the TNPs can be calculated by means of the Debye Scherrer formula, D= Kλ/ Cosθ where k is the Scherrer constant, λ = 1.5418A, β = 0.06, and cosθ = 0.96[36]. In this formula, (0.90 x 1.5418) / (0.06 x 0.97) = 22.2nm. Thus, the diameter of the crystallite is about 22nm.
TEM and DLS
From the TEM analysis, it was observed that CuO/Ag/Ru trimetallic nanoparticles composed of spherical, flake, and cup-shaped morphology and the size of the nanoparticles was 25-100 nm(fig.3.E) and in good agreement with the DLS, XRD, and AFM values. The agglomerated form of the nanoparticles was similar to the SEM morphology. Further, these morphologies were compared with the reported previous literature of individual metal nanoparticles. DLS spectra also observed that the maximum intensity was between 1-100 nm with a diameter of 192.5 nm and a standard deviation of 176. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) analysis was performed using a Micromeritics instrument, specifically the Nanoplus model. This equipment is capable of measuring the particle sizes of liquid-suspended samples through a dilution method, covering a size range from 0.1 nm to 12.3 µm, with sample concentrations varying from 0.00001% to 40% and a sensitivity for molecular weights as low as 250 Da. DLS provides insights into the dimensions of the nanoparticles produced. Dynamic light scattering illustrates the behavior of nanoparticles as well as their tendency for agglomeration or settling. A light source is introduced into the cell, and the scattered light is captured and analyzed to determine the particle size. The particle size is recorded at an average diameter of 192.5 nm, with a standard deviation of 176 and a refractive index of 1.3 as shown in fig3.F.
AFM
It is an advanced technique to assess the size, shape, and dispersion of TNPs. Here, the sample is dissolved in a suitable solvent and dried as a thin layer on a mica-based glass slide37. Figure 3.G. shows two-dimensional, three-dimensional, and particle-size histograms of TNPs. From the SEM and AFM studies, it was confirmed that the TNPs are spherical-shaped and agglomerated, with an average particle size of about 22 nm.
XPS
XPS is used to determine the conformation and oxidation states of metals in TNPs. The binding energy of elements sch as O,Cu, Ag, Ru are given in the table1. The binding energy of Ru(3d) is 285ev,O(1s) is 532ev,Ag(3d) is 368ev,and Cu(2p) is 935ev. The XPS spectra of individual elements are given in fig.3.H. The XPS survey spectra the Ag existed as Ag(3d) and Ag(3p3) with the binding energies 368ev and 560ev respectively separated by 200ev.
Table 1: XPS spectra of CuO/Ag/Ru TNPs.
Name
Peak BE
FWHM ev
Area (P)CPS.eV
Atomic %
Ru 3d
285.9
2.4
104601.28
1.32
O 1s
532.45
4.18
1232073.04
95.44
Ag3d
368.41
2.73
355510.88
2.98
Cu2p
935.26
2.22
256830.11
3.23
Figure 3H: XPS spectra of Cu(2p), O(1s),Ag(3d),C(1s), Ru(3d) and XPS survey spectra of CuO/Ag/Ru TNPs.
Thermal studies (DTA/TG)
DTA/TG is utilized to evaluate the thermal properties of the sample, which include decomposition, melting point, glass transition, oxidation rate, crystallinity degree, purity, transition energy, etc. A sample of 50–100 mg of CuO/Ag/Ru TNPs was placed in an Al2O3 crucible, and the temperature was maintained between 20 and 700 °C. As the temperature rises, the material begins to decompose at approximately 300 °C, with the reaction being exothermic, as shown in Fig. 3.i.
Photocatalytic Activity of TNPs
The photocatalytic activity of TNPs can be performed using methylene blue dye in a UV-irradiated photoreactor, and this methylene blue (MB) shows characteristic absorption peaks from 200 to 400nm. The decolorization process occurs when UV light is irradiated on the solution to the concentration of X10-3 M at various concentrations. The effectiveness of degradation process on the nature of the substance used , time, and the binding of catalyst with the molecules of MB dye that have degraded. This increases the active sites of the photocatalyst surface and free hydroxyl radicals. During this process, the dark blue of the dye diminishes over time because the TNPs act as scavengers that are applied to the active sites of the photocatalyst. Importantly,the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) results from the electron-hole pair surface transmission process. These generated ROS are responsible for the photocatalytic activity of TNPs38.
Antibacterial Activity of TNPs
The microbial strains of Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae used to examine the antibacterial activity of the TNPs at different concentrations are shown in table 2, and the image were given in fig5.A. The zone of inhibition values for TNPs against bacterials strains at three different concentrations (25µl,50µl& 50µl) are graphically represented in the fig 5.B. The mechanism behind the antimicrobial activity is that the higher biological content of the TNPs, indicated by potential disruption of the membrane, damage to DNA, and production of reactive oxygen species such as peroxide, superoxide, inactive species, etc., can eliminate or reduce bacterial growth and, intricately with the membrane, lipids, and enzymes, induce cellular death. The hybrid TNPs exhibited higher antimicrobial activity than the individual metal NPs28.
Table 2: Antibacterial activity of CuO/Ag/Ru TNPs using different pathogens at various concentrations.
Bacterials pathogens
Zoon of inhibition (mm)
25 μl
50 μl
75 μl
Norfloxacin
Escherichia coli
10±0.10
14±0.13
18±0.14
30±1.12
Streptococcus pyogenes
19±0.18
20±0.17
25±0.17
29±1.13
Staphylococcus aureus
10±0.12
13±0.12
15±0.15
30±1.10
Klebsiella pneumoniae
17±0.16
20±0.17
22±0.17
32±1.14
Figure 5A: The graph of maximum antibacterial activity of Cu/Ag/Ru TNPs against E. coli, S. pyogenes, S. aureus, and K. pneumonia.
Figure 5B: Antibacterial activity of CuO/Ag/Ru TNPs using strains of E. coli, S. pyogenes, S. aureus, and K. pneumonia.
Anticancer Activity
The yellow compound 3-4,5-dimethylthiozol-2-Yl-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide (MTT) is transformed by mitochondrial dehydrogenase in healthy cells, producing a quantifiable purple product. Living cells possess NAD(P) H-dependent reductase, which converts the MTT reagent into formazan, resulting in a deep purple color. The crystals of Formazan crystals are dissolved with the solubilizing solution, and the absorbance are usually recorded between 500 and 600 nm by a plate reader. A total content was dissolved in a 50 mg of MTT with approximately 10 mL of PBS. After vortexing for one minute, it was filtered through 0.45-micron filters. The flask was wrapped in aluminum foil to protect it from light, given that MTT is sensitive to light. This solution was stored about 4 °C for further incvestigations.
For the cell viability assessment, PA-1 viable cells were collected and counted with a hemacytometer, then diluted in DMEM medium to achieve a cell density of 1 × 104 cells/ml. They were placed in 96-well plates, with one well per cell, and incubated for 24 hours to facilitate attachment. Subsequently, PA-1 cells were treated with a control and various concentrations (10–70 µg/ml) of aqueous extracts were administered to each well. The cells were subjected to inubation at 37°C in a wet condition where it containing 95% air and 5% CO2 for 24 hours. Following the incubation period, the drug-treated cells were thoroughly washed with fresh culture medium, and MTT (5 mg/ml in PBS) dye was added to each well. This content was subjected incubation for 4 hours at 37°C.
The purple precipitate of formazan that formed was dissolved in 100 µl of concentrated DMSO, and cell viability was assessed by measuring absorbance at 540 nm using a multi-well plate reader. The results were expressed in terms of percentage of values viable cells compared to the control values. The half-maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) values were determined, and the optimal doses were evaluated at various time points39,40.
The IC50 values were derived from the dose-response curve of the aqueous extract, where a 50% reduction in cytotoxicity was compared to that of control cells. All experiments were conducted at least three times, with three replicates each. The MTT assay results at varying concentrations are presented in Table 3, and the graphical representation of the MTT assay for CuO/Ag/Ru TNPs tested against MCF-7 cells is illustrated in Figure 6.A. The images of both the treated and control groups from the MTT assay for CuO/Ag/Ru TNPs against MCF-7 cells are displayed in Figure 6.B.
Inhibitory of cell proliferation %
Statistical analysis
The statistical comparisons were performed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT), using SPSS version 12.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago; http://www.spss.com). The values are considered statistically significant if the p value is less than 0.0541,42.
Table 3: MTT assay of CuO/Ag/Ru TNPs at different concentrations.
MCF-7
Ni
Blank
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
A
0.06
1.380
1.532
1.481
1.270
1.0261
0.837
0.6048
0.687
0.632
B
0.08
1.670
1.477
1.204
1.260
1.2494
0.978
0.8291
0.823
0.765
C
0.03
1.7526
1.432
1.1871
1.133
1.0924
1.2089
1.2089
0.734
0.654
1.601
1.480
1.291
1.221
1.123
0.947
0.881
0.748
0.684
Antioxidant Activities
DPPH (free radical scavenging activity), the DPPH molecules has stable nitrogen radicals used to study the free radical quenching activity of different antioxidants. The DPPH assay was performed with the reference substance ascorbic acid acts as positive control. The TNPs were dissolved with suitable solvent like deionised water at different concentrations as shown in table4. The antioxidant activity of TNPs increases with increasing concentrations. The measurement was performed at five different concentrations and plotted to calculate R2 value as shown in fig 8&9. The antioxidant activity is the ability to protect from oxidative damages and IC50 values were found to be 107.8µg/ml and R2 value is 0.912. Furthermore, this result is good agreement with the antioxidant activity values of individual nanoparticles. The percentage of radical scavenging activity (%) can be calculated using the following equations.
Radical scavenging activity (%) = ODcontrol -ODsample X 100
Table 4: Antioxidant activity of TNPs at different concentrations
Test
Concentration of Sample (mg/ml)
% of Inhibition of Nanoparticles
Ascorbic acid
DPPH assay
50
31.3
40
100
39.2
50
500
48.8
60
200
59.2
70
250
68.6
80
IC50VALUE
107.8
100
Figure 8: Graphical representation of antioxidant activity of CuO/Ag/Ru TNPs at different concentrations.
Conclusion
This green method provide great opportunities to develop more complex nanomaterials with good yield with less minimal of reactants. The trimetallic nanoparticles are usually greater performance in properties with enourmous applications and outcomes. This nanoparticles shows highly selective in catalytic action in photocatalytic activities. It has unique antibacterial activity against bacterial strains. It exhibit superior anticancer activities against human breast cancer cells even in minimum concentrations. This nanoparticles has distinct shape can help bind with the active site of the drug molecules. It can be used as potential drug carrier with minimum harmness to the normal cells.
Acknowledgment
I thanful to my Research supervisor , Dr.S.Srinivasan, Associate Professor, Annamalai University .
Funding Sources
The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Conflict of Interest
The author(s) do not have any conflict of interest.
References
Bray F, Ferley J, Soarjomataram I , Siegel LR, Torre AL , Jemal A“ Global cancer statistics 2018 : GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries”, CA Cancer J.Clin. 2018;68:394-424.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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