Yip K, Berman J. What Is gout? JAMA. 2021;326:2541.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen-Xu M, Yokose C, Rai SK, Pillinger MH, Choi HK. Contemporary prevalence of gout and hyperuricemia in the United States and decadal trends: the national health and nutrition examination survey, 2007–2016. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2019;71:991–9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

FitzGerald JD, Dalbeth N, Mikuls T, et al. 2020 American College of Rheumatology guideline for the management of gout. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2020;72:744–60.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ao J, Goldblatt F, Casson RJ. Review of the ophthalmic manifestations of gout and uric acid crystal deposition. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2017;45:73–80.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Klauser AS, Halpern EJ, Strobl S, et al. Dual-energy computed tomography detection of cardiovascular monosodium urate deposits in patients with gout. JAMA Cardiol. 2019;4:1019–28.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Khanna P, Johnson RJ, Marder B, LaMoreaux B, Kumar A. Systemic urate deposition: an unrecognized complication of gout? J Clin Med. 2020;9:93204.

Article  Google Scholar 

Bardin T, Voshaar MA, van de Laar MA. The human and economic burden of difficult-to-treat gouty arthritis. Joint Bone Spine. 2015;82(Suppl 1):eS2-8.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Benavent D, Peiteado D, Martinez-Huedo M, Hernandez-Hurtado M, Balsa A, de Miguel E. Healthcare-related impact of gout in hospitalized patients in Spain. Sci Rep. 2021;11:13287.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bevis M, Blagojevic-Bucknall M, Mallen C, Hider S, Roddy E. Comorbidity clusters in people with gout: an observational cohort study with linked medical record review. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2018;57:1358–63.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nyberg F, Horne L, Morlock R, et al. Comorbidity burden in trial-aligned patients with established gout in Germany, UK, US, and France: a retrospective analysis. Adv Ther. 2016;33:1180–98.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Johnson RJ, Sanchez Lozada LG, Lanaspa MA, Piani F, Borghi C. Uric acid and chronic kidney disease: still more to do. Kidney Int Rep. 2023;8:229–39.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Copur S, Demiray A, Kanbay M. Uric acid in metabolic syndrome: Does uric acid have a definitive role? Eur J Intern Med. 2022;103:4–12.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Freilich M, Arredondo A, Zonnoor SL, McFarlane IM. Elevated serum uric acid and cardiovascular disease: a review and potential therapeutic interventions. Cureus. 2022;14: e23582.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kim SY, Yoo DM, Kim JH, et al. The occurrence of nephrolithiasis in gout patients: a longitudinal follow-up study using a national health screening cohort. Life (Basel). 2022;12:653.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Landgren AJ, Jacobsson LTH, Lindström U, et al. Incidence of and risk factors for nephrolithiasis in patients with gout and the general population, a cohort study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2017;19:173.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Watson L, Belcher J, Nicholls E, et al. Factors associated with change in health-related quality of life in people with gout: a three-year prospective cohort study in primary care. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2023;62:2748–56.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chandratre P, Mallen C, Richardson J, et al. Health-related quality of life in gout in primary care: baseline findings from a cohort study. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2018;48:61–9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bowen-Davies Z, Muller S, Mallen CD, Hayward RA, Roddy E. Gout severity, socioeconomic status, and work absence: a cross-sectional study in primary care. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2018;70:1822–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Khanna PP, Nuki G, Bardin T, et al. Tophi and frequent gout flares are associated with impairments to quality of life, productivity, and increased healthcare resource use: results from a cross-sectional survey. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2012;10:117.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Edwards NL, Schlesinger N, Clark S, Arndt T, Lipsky PE. Management of gout in the United States: a claims-based analysis. ACR Open Rheumatol. 2020;2:180–7.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Flores NM, Nuevo J, Klein AB, Baumgartner S, Morlock R. The economic burden of uncontrolled gout: how controlling gout reduces cost. J Med Econ. 2019;22:1–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Perez-Ruiz F, Herrero-Beites AM. Evaluation and treatment of gout as a chronic disease. Adv Ther. 2012;29:935–46.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Strand V, Khanna D, Singh JA, Forsythe A, Edwards NL. Improved health-related quality of life and physical function in patients with refractory chronic gout following treatment with pegloticase: evidence from phase III randomized controlled trials. J Rheumatol. 2012;39:1450–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Keenan RT, Yeo AE, Lipsky PE. Pegloticase causes prolonged improvement in multiple disease parameters in patients with chronic refractory gout who maintain low serum urate levels. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2022;40:1006–10.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schlesinger N, Lipsky PE. Pegloticase treatment of chronic refractory gout: update on efficacy and safety. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2020;50(3s):S31-s38.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sundy JS, Baraf HS, Yood RA, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of pegloticase for the treatment of chronic gout in patients refractory to conventional treatment: two randomized controlled trials. JAMA. 2011;306:711–20.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Editors. Pegloticase (Krystexxa) for treatment of refractory gout. Med Lett Drugs Ther. 2011;53:9–10.

Google Scholar 

Romano PS, Roos LL, Jollis JG. Adapting a clinical comorbidity index for use with ICD-9-CM administrative data: differing perspectives. J Clin Epidemiol. 1993;46:1075–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Roos LL, Sharp SM, Cohen MM, Wajda A. Risk adjustment in claims-based research: the search for efficient approaches. J Clin Epidemiol. 1989;42:1193–206.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wu EQ, Forsythe A, Guerin A, Yu AP, Latremouille-Viau D, Tsaneva M. Comorbidity burden, healthcare resource utilization, and costs in chronic gout patients refractory to conventional urate-lowering therapy. Am J Ther. 2012;19:e157-166.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jackson R, Shiozawa A, Buysman EK, Altan A, Korrer S, Choi H. Flare frequency, healthcare resource utilisation and costs among patients with gout in a managed care setting: a retrospective medical claims-based analysis. BMJ Open. 2015;5: e007214.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Halpern R, Fuldeore MJ, Mody RR, Patel PA, Mikuls TR. The effect of serum urate on gout flares and their associated costs: an administrative claims analysis. J Clin Rheumatol. 2009;15:3–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pillinger MH, Mandell BF. Therapeutic approaches in the treatment of gout. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2020;50:S24-s30.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Francis-Sedlak M, LaMoreaux B, Padnick-Silver L, Holt RJ, Bello AE. Characteristics, comorbidities, and potential consequences of uncontrolled gout: an insurance-claims database study. Rheumatol Ther. 2021;8:183–97.

Article  PubMed