Majdan M et al (2016) Epidemiology of traumatic brain injuries in Europe: a cross-sectional analysis. Lancet Public Health 1(2):e76–e. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2468-2667(16)30017-2

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Park E, Bell JD, Baker AJ (2008) Traumatic brain injury: can the consequences be stopped? CMAJ 178(9):1163–1170. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.080282

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Borazjani R et al (2022) Current status and outcomes of critical traumatic brain Injury (GCS = 3–5) in a developing country: a Retrospective, Registry-based study. World J Surg 46(10):2335–2343. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-022-06645-3

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Calvillo M, Irimia A (2020) Neuroimaging and Psychometric Assessment of mild cognitive impairment after traumatic brain Injury. Front Psychol 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01423

Dehghani M, Pourmontaseri H (2024) Aetiology, risk factors and treatment of typical and atypical pressure ulcers in patients with traumatic brain injury: a narrative review. Int Wound J 21(3):e14788. https://doi.org/10.1111/iwj.14788

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

O’Leary R, A. and, Nichol AD (2018) Pathophysiology of severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg Sci 62(5):542–548. https://doi.org/10.23736/s0390-5616.18.04501-0

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sulhan S et al (2020) Neuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier disruption following traumatic brain injury: pathophysiology and potential therapeutic targets. J Neurosci Res 98(1):19–28. https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.24331

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dydyk AM, Jain NK, Gupta M (2024) Opioid Use Disorder, in StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing Copyright © 2024, StatPearls Publishing LLC.: Treasure Island (FL)

World drug report 2021. (2021) UN, Office on Drugs and Crime: Vienna

Amin-Esmaeili M et al (2016) Epidemiology of illicit drug use disorders in Iran: prevalence, correlates, comorbidity and service utilization results from the Iranian Mental Health Survey. Addiction 111(10):1836–1847. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13453

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ahmadinejad M et al (2021) Higher morbidity and mortality in Trauma Intensive Care Unit patients with Opium Addiction. Addict Health 13(1):1–8. https://doi.org/10.22122/ahj.v13i1.284

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sullivan MD et al (2010) Risks for possible and probable opioid misuse among recipients of chronic opioid therapy in commercial and medicaid insurance plans: the TROUP Study. Pain 150(2):332–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2010.05.020

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Alford DP, Compton P, Samet JH (2006) Acute pain management for patients receiving maintenance methadone or buprenorphine therapy. Ann Intern Med 144(2):127–134. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-144-2-200601170-00010

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lai H et al (2022) Association of pre-admission opioid abuse and/or dependence on major complications in traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients. J Clin Anesth 79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinane.2022.110719

Grinnon ST et al (2012) National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Common Data element project - approach and methods. Clin Trials 9(3):322. https://doi.org/10.1177/1740774512438980

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Khalili H et al (2023) Prognosis prediction in traumatic brain injury patients using machine learning algorithms. Sci Rep 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-28188-w

Wright J, Bushnik T, O’Hare P (2000) The Center for Outcome Measurement in Brain Injury (COMBI): an internet resource you should know about. J Head Trauma Rehabil 15(1):734–738. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001199-200002000-00011

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Puffer RC et al (2018) Long-term outcome in traumatic brain injury patients with midline shift: a secondary analysis of the phase 3 COBRIT clinical trial. J Neurosurg 131(2):596–603. https://doi.org/10.3171/2018.2.Jns173138

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jacobs B et al (2011) Computed tomography and outcome in moderate and severe traumatic brain injury: hematoma volume and midline shift revisited. J Neurotrauma 28(2):203–215. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2010.1558

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Samuels JM et al (2019) Severe traumatic brain injury is associated with a unique coagulopathy phenotype. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 86(4):686–693. https://doi.org/10.1097/ta.0000000000002173

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Niakan A et al (2023) Effects of serum fibrinogen correction on outcome of traumatic cranial surgery: a randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clineuro.2023.107709

Yuan Q et al (2018) Prognostic value of coagulation tests for in-hospital mortality in patients with traumatic brain injury. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 26(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13049-017-0471-0

van Gent JAN et al (2020) Coagulopathy after hemorrhagic traumatic brain injury, an observational study of the incidence and prognosis. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 162(2):329–336. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00701-019-04111-z

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pourahmad S et al (2019) Comparison of four variable selection methods to determine the important variables in predicting the prognosis of traumatic brain injury patients by support vector machine. J Res Med Sci 24. https://doi.org/10.4103/jrms.JRMS_89_18

Kesinger MR et al (2015) Hospital-acquired pneumonia is an independent predictor of poor global outcome in severe traumatic brain injury up to 5 years after discharge. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 78(2):396–402. https://doi.org/10.1097/ta.0000000000000526

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lazaridis C et al (2015) Predictors of intensive care unit length of stay and intracranial pressure in severe traumatic brain injury. J Crit Care 30(6):1258–1262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2015.08.003

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Aromatario M et al (2021) Traumatic epidural and subdural hematoma: Epidemiology, Outcome, and dating. Med (Kaunas) 57(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57020125

Trifan G, Arshi B, Testai FD (2019) Intraventricular Hemorrhage Severity as a predictor of Outcome in Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Front Neurol 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2019.00217

Yoon JH, Lane SD, Weaver MF (2015) Opioid analgesics and nicotine: more than blowing smoke. J Pain Palliat Care Pharm 29(3):281–289. https://doi.org/10.3109/15360288.2015.1063559

Article  Google Scholar 

Adams RS, Corrigan JD (2020) Dams-O’Connor, opioid use among individuals with traumatic brain injury: a perfect storm?. J Neurotrauma 37(1):211–216. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2019.6451

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stumbo SP et al (2017) Patient-reported pathways to opioid use disorders and pain-related barriers to treatment engagement. J Subst Abuse Treat 73:47–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2016.11.003

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kouloulas E et al (2013) Prognostic value of time-related Glasgow Coma Scale components in severe traumatic brain injury: a prospective evaluation with respect to 1-year survival and functional outcome. Int J Rehabilitation Res Int Z fur Rehabilitationsforschung Revue Int De recherches de Readaptation 36. https://doi.org/10.1097/MRR.0b013e32835fd99a

Kung WM et al (2011) Correlation between Glasgow coma score components and survival in patients with traumatic brain injury. Injury 42(9):940–944. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2010.09.019

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Saha A et al (2014) A study of correlation between motor component of GCS score on admission and Glasgow Outcome scale score at Discharge in head injured patients who underwent Surgical intervention. Bangladesh Med J. https://doi.org/10.3329/bmj.v40i2.18509

Article  Google Scholar 

Choi DH, Jeong TS, Kim WK (2022) Clinical outcome of patients diagnosed traumatic intracranial epidural hematoma with severe Brain Injury (Glasgow Coma Scale ≤ 8) who undergo surgery: a Report from the Korean neuro-Trauma Data Bank System. Korean J Neurotrauma 18(2):153–160. https://doi.org/10.13004/kjnt.2022.18.e62

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mejaddam AY et al (2013) Prolonged emergency department length of stay is not associated with worse outcomes in traumatic brain injury. J Emerg Med 45(3):384–391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2013.04.015

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fritz C et al (2023) Epidemiology of anterior and lateral basilar Skull Fractures with CSF Leak: A National Trauma Data Bank Analysis. J Craniofac Surg 34(5):1393–1397. https://doi.org/10.1097/scs.0000000000009279

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Amin-Esmaeili M et al (2016) Epidemiology of illicit drug use disorders in Iran: prevalence, correlates, comorbidity and service utilization results from the Iranian Mental Health Survey. Addiction 111(10):1836–1847. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13453

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Salehpoor Ghasem MN