Perucca E, Perucca P, White HS, Wirrell EC (2023) Drug resistance in epilepsy. Lancet Neurol 22(8):723–734

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Wirrell E, Wong-Kisiel L, Mandrekar J, Nickels K (2012) Predictors and course of medically intractable epilepsy in young children presenting before 36 months of age: a retrospective, population-based study: predicting Intractability in young children. Epilepsia 53(9):1563–1569

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cross JH, Reilly C, Gutierrez Delicado E, Smith ML, Malmgren K (2022) Epilepsy surgery for children and adolescents: evidence-based but underused. Lancet Child Adolesc Health 6(7):484–494

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stefanos-Yakoub I, Wingeier K, Held U, Latal B, Wirrell E, Smith ML et al (2024) Long-term intellectual and developmental outcomes after pediatric epilepsy surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Epilepsia 65(2):251–265

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ramantani G, Reuner G (2018) Cognitive development in pediatric epilepsy surgery. Neuropediatrics 49(2):93–103

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schmidlechner T, Zaddach M, Heinen F, Cornell S, Ramantani G, Rémi J et al (2024) IQ changes after pediatric epilepsy surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol 271(1):177–187

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Blumcke I, Spreafico R, Haaker G, Coras R, Kobow K, Bien CG et al (2017) Histopathological findings in brain tissue obtained during epilepsy surgery. N Engl J Med 377(17):1648–1656

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lamberink HJ, Otte WM, Blümcke I, Braun KPJ, Aichholzer M, Amorim I et al (2020) Seizure outcome and use of antiepileptic drugs after epilepsy surgery according to histopathological diagnosis: a retrospective multicentre cohort study. The Lancet Neurology 19(9):748–757

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Eriksson MH, Whitaker KJ, Booth J, Piper RJ, Chari A, Martin Sanfilippo P et al (2023) Pediatric epilepsy surgery from 2000 to 2018: changes in referral and surgical volumes, patient characteristics, genetic testing, and postsurgical outcomes. Epilepsia 64(9):2260–2273

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ramantani G, Kadish NE, Anastasopoulos C, Brandt A, Wagner K, Strobl K et al (2014) Epilepsy surgery for glioneuronal tumors in childhood: avoid loss of time. Neurosurgery 74(6):648–657

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jehi L, Jette N, Kwon C, Josephson CB, Burneo JG, Cendes F et al (2022) Timing of referral to evaluate for epilepsy surgery: expert consensus recommendations from the surgical therapies commission of the international league against epilepsy. Epilepsia 63(10):2491–2506

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chassoux F, Landré E, Mellerio C, Laschet J, Devaux B, Daumas-Duport C (2013) Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors: epileptogenicity related to histologic subtypes. Clin Neurophysiol 124(6):1068–1078

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Iutaka T, De Freitas MB, Omar SS, Scortegagna FA, Nael K, Nunes RH et al (2023) Arterial spin labeling: techniques, clinical applications, and interpretation. Radiographics 43(1):e220088

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tortora D, Cataldi M, Severino M, Consales A, Pacetti M, Parodi C et al (2022) Comparison of qualitative and quantitative analyses of mr-arterial spin labeling perfusion data for the assessment of pediatric patients with focal epilepsies. Diagnostics 12(4):811

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lee SM, Kwon S, Lee YJ (2019) Diagnostic usefulness of arterial spin labeling in MR negative children with new onset seizures. Seizure 65:151–158

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lindner T, Bolar DS, Achten E, Barkhof F, Bastos-Leite AJ, Detre JA et al (2023) Current state and guidance on arterial spin labeling perfusion MRI in clinical neuroimaging. Magn Reson Med 89(5):2024–2047

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gennari AG, Bicciato G, Lo Biundo SP, Kottke R, Stefanos-Yakoub I, Cserpan D et al (2024) Lesion volume and spike frequency on EEG impact perfusion values in focal cortical dysplasia: a pediatric arterial spin labeling study. Sci Rep 14(1):7601

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Zeng JY, Hu XQ, Xu JF, Zhu WJ, Wu HY, Dong FJ (2021) Diagnostic Accuracy of arterial spin-labeling mr imaging in detecting the epileptogenic zone: systematic review and meta-analysis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 42(6):1052–1060

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Lam J, Tomaszewski P, Gilbert G, Moreau JT, Guiot M-C, Albrecht S et al (2021) The utility of arterial spin labeling in the presurgical evaluation of poorly defined focal epilepsy in children. J Neurosurg Pediatr 27(3):243–252

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sierra-Marcos A, Carreño M, Setoain X, López-Rueda A, Aparicio J, Donaire A et al (2016) Accuracy of arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) perfusion in detecting the epileptogenic zone in patients with drug-resistant neocortical epilepsy: comparison with electrophysiological data, structural MRI, SISCOM and FDG - PET. Euro J of Neurology 23(1):160–167

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Dangouloff-Ros V, Deroulers C, Foissac F, Badoual M, Shotar E, Grévent D et al (2016) Arterial spin labeling to predict brain tumor grading in children: correlations between histopathologic vascular density and perfusion mr imaging. Radiology 281(2):553–566

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xiao H-F, Chen Z-Y, Lou X, Wang Y-L, Gui Q-P, Wang Y et al (2015) Astrocytic tumour grading: a comparative study of three-dimensional pseudocontinuous arterial spin labelling, dynamic susceptibility contrast-enhanced perfusion-weighted imaging, and diffusion-weighted imaging. Eur Radiol 25(12):3423–3430

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Batalov AI, Zakharova NE, Pronin IN, Belyaev AYu, Pogosbekyan EL, Goryaynov SA et al (2022) 3D pCASL-perfusion in preoperative assessment of brain gliomas in large cohort of patients. Sci Rep. 12(1):2121

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Yeom KW, Mitchell LA, Lober RM, Barnes PD, Vogel H, Fisher PG et al (2014) Arterial spin-labeled perfusion of pediatric brain tumors. Am J Neuroradiol 35(2):395–401

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kikuchi K, Hiwatashi A, Togao O, Yamashita K, Yoshimoto K, Mizoguchi M et al (2017) Correlation between arterial spin-labeling perfusion and histopathological vascular density of pediatric intracranial tumors. J Neurooncol 135(3):561–569

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Warmuth C, Günther M, Zimmer C (2003) Quantification of blood flow in brain tumors: comparison of arterial spin labeling and dynamic susceptibility-weighted contrast-enhanced MR imaging. Radiology 228(2):523–532

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Testud B, Brun G, Varoquaux A, Hak JF, Appay R, Le Troter A et al (2021) Perfusion-weighted techniques in MRI grading of pediatric cerebral tumors: efficiency of dynamic susceptibility contrast and arterial spin labeling. Neuroradiology 63(8):1353–1366

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Noguchi T, Yoshiura T, Hiwatashi A, Togao O, Yamashita K, Nagao E et al (2008) Perfusion imaging of brain tumors using arterial spin-labeling: correlation with histopathologic vascular density. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 29(4):688–693

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Morana G, Tortora D, Staglianò S, Nozza P, Mascelli S, Severino M et al (2018) Pediatric astrocytic tumor grading: comparison between arterial spin labeling and dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI perfusion. Neuroradiology 60(4):437–446

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hales PW, d’Arco F, Cooper J, Pfeuffer J, Hargrave D, Mankad K et al (2019) Arterial spin labelling and diffusion-weighted imaging in paediatric brain tumours. NeuroImage Clinical. 22:101696

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ramantani G, Kadish NE, Mayer H, Anastasopoulos C, Wagner K, Reuner G et al (2018) Frontal lobe epilepsy surgery in childhood and adolescence: predictors of long-term seizure freedom. Overall Cognit Adapt Funct Neurosurg 83(1):93–103

Google Scholar 

Ramantani G, Stathi A, Brandt A, Strobl K,