We thank all 25 research groups in the R-fMRI Maps Project (rfmri.org/maps) for their sharing of valuable rs-fMRI data. Members of the REST-meta-MDD Consortium provided the data for this study.

The full name of the DIRECT consortium is Depression Imaging REsearch ConsorTium.

Nominated consortia representative: Chao-Gan Yan, yancg@psych.ac.cn.

The list of consortium members and their affiliations for DIRECT consortium:

Chao-Gan Yan, Ph.D. 1,2,3,4,5,6, Xiao Chen, Ph.D. 1,2,3,4, Li-Ping Cao, M.D. 7, Wei Chen, M.D. 8, Yu-Qi Cheng, M.D. 9, Yi-Ru Fang, M.D. 10, Qi-Yong Gong, M.D. 11,12, Wen-Bin Guo, M.D. 13, Li Kuang, M.D. 14, Bao-Juan Li, M.D. 15, Tao Li, M.D. 16,17, Yan-Song Liu, M.D. 18, Zhe-Ning Liu, M.D. 13, Jian-Ping Lu, M.D. 19, Qing-Hua Luo, M.D. 14, Hua-Qing Meng, M.D. 14, Dai-Hui Peng, M.D. 10, Jiang Qiu, Ph.D. 20, Yue-Di Shen, M.D. 21, Tian-Mei Si, M.D. 22, Yan-Qing Tang, M.D. 23, Chuan-Yue Wang, M.D. 24, Fei Wang, M.D. 23,25, Hua-Ning Wang, M.D. 15, Kai Wang, M.D. 26, Xiang Wang, M.D. 13, Ying Wang, M.D. 27, Xiao-Ping Wu, M.D. 28, Chun-Ming Xie, M.D. 29, Guang-Rong Xie, M.D. 13, Peng Xie, M.D. 30,31,32, Xiu-Feng Xu, M.D. 9, Hong Yang, M.D. 33, Jian Yang, M.D. 31, Shu-Qiao Yao, M.D. 13, Yong-Qiang Yu, M.D. 34, Yong-Gui Yuan, M.D. 35, Ke-Rang Zhang, M.D. 36, Wei Zhang, M.D. 37, Zhi-Jun Zhang, M.D. 29, Jun-Juan Zhu, M.D. 38, Xi-Nian Zuo, Ph.D. 39,40, Jing-Ping Zhao, M.D. 13, Yu-Feng Zang, M.D. 41,42

1CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China

2International Big-Data Center for Depression Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China

3Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Center, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China

4Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

5Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China

6Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China

7Afffliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510370, China

8Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310020, Zhejiang, China

9Department of Psychiatry, First Afffliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, China

10Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China

11Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610044, China

12Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610052, China

13Department of Psychiatry, and National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China

14Department of Psychiatry, The First Afffliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China

15Xijing Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710032, China

16Afffliated Mental Health Center & Hangzhou Seventh People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310063, China

17Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610044, China

18Department of Clinical Psychology, Suzhou Psychiatric Hospital, The Afffliated Guangji Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, China

19Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangzhou 518020, China

20Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China

21Department of Diagnostics, Afffliated Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University Medical School, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China

22National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital) & Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing 100191, China

23Department of Psychiatry, First Afffliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China

24Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100120, China

25Early Intervention Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Afffliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210024, China

26Department of Neurology, The First Afffliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China

27The First Afffliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 250024, China

28Xi’an Central Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710004, China

29Department of Neurology, Afffliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China

30Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China

31Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400000, China

32Department of Neurology, The First Afffliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China

33Department of Radiology, The First Afffliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China

34The First Afffliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China

35Department of Psychosomatics and Psychiatry, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China

36First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China

37West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610044, China

38Department of Psychiatry, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China

39Developmental Population Neuroscience Research Center, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100091, China

40National Basic Science Data Center, Beijing 100038, China

41Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Afffliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China

42Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China