Hirsch LJ (2007) The status of intravenous valproate for status. Epilepsy Currents 7(4):96–98

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Thomas RH (2018) Valproate: life-saving, life-changing. Clin Med 18(2):s1–s8

Article  Google Scholar 

Chopra A, Kolla BP, Mansukhani MP, Netzel P, Frye MA (2012) Valproate-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy: an update on risk factors, clinical correlates and management. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 34(3):290–298

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Verrotti A, Trotta D, Morgese G, Chiarelli F (2002) Valproate-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy. Metab Brain Dis 17:367–373

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sewell AC, Bhles H-J, Herwig J, Demirkol M (1995) Neurological deterioration in patients with urea cycle disorders under valproate therapy a cause for concern. Eur J Pediatr 7(154):593–594

Google Scholar 

Nicolai J, Carr RB (2008) The measurement of ammonia blood levels in patients taking valproic acid: Looking for problems where they do not exist? Epilepsy Behav 12(3):494–496

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Perucca E (2002) Pharmacological and therapeutic properties of valproate. CNS Drugs 16(10):695–714

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Barrueto F, Hack JB (2001) Hyperammonemia and coma without hepatic dysfunction induced by valproate therapy. Acad Emerg Med 8(10):999–1001

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Auron A, Brophy PD (2012) Hyperammonemia in review: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Pediatr Nephrol 27:207–222

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lheureux PE, Penaloza A, Zahir S, Gris M (2005) Science review: carnitine in the treatment of valproic acid-induced toxicity–what is the evidence? Crit Care 9:1–10

Google Scholar 

Aires CC, van Cruchten A, Ijlst L, de Almeida IT, Duran M, Wanders RJ et al (2011) New insights on the mechanisms of valproate-induced hyperammonemia: inhibition of hepatic N-acetylglutamate synthase activity by valproyl-CoA. J Hepatol 55(2):426–34

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chicharro AV, de Marinis AJ, Kanner AM (2007) The measurement of ammonia blood levels in patients taking valproic acid: looking for problems where they do not exist? Epilepsy Behav 11(3):361–366

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McCall M, Bourgeois JA (2004) Valproic acid-induced hyperammonemia: a case report. J Clin Psychopharmacol 24(5):521–526

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rigamonti A, Lauria G, Grimod G, Bianchi G, Salmaggi A (2014) Valproate induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy successfully treated with levocarnitine. J Clin Neurosci 21(4):690–691

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kumar A, Suri A, Sharma BS (2014) Severe valproate induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy successfully managed with peritoneal dialysis. Indian J Crit Care Med: Peer-Reviewed, Official Publ Indian Soc Crit Care Med 18(7):461

Article  Google Scholar 

Lee S, Cheong J, Kim C, Kim JM (2015) Valproic acid-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy as a cause of neurologic deterioration after unruptured aneurysm surgery. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 58(2):159–162

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Guo X, Wei J, Gao L, Xing B, Xu Z (2017) Hyperammonemic coma after craniotomy: hepatic encephalopathy from upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage or valproate side effect?: case report and literature review. Medicine 96(15):e6588

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mithani F, Cullum S, Chacko R (2020) Valproic acid rechallenge after valproate-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy. In: Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings. Taylor & Francis. 33(3):471–472

Fuellis V, Grille P, Verga F, Alfaro LU, Grasiuso L, Barbato M (2022) Valproate-associated hyperammonemic encephalopathy in subarachnoid hemorrhage: a diagnosis to consider. Revista Brasileira de Terapia Intensiva 34:197–201

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Shah S, Wang R, Vieux U (2020) Valproate-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy: a case report. J Med Case Reports 14:1–4

Article  Google Scholar 

Murphy JV (1982) Asymptomatic hyperammonemia in patients receiving valproic acid. Arch Neurol 39(9):591–592

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bogdanovic M, Kidd D, Briddon A, Duncan J, Land J (2000) Late onset heterozygous ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency mimicking complex partial status epilepticus. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 69(6):813–815

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Browne TR (1980) Valproic acid. N Engl J Med 302(12):661–666

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Oechsner M, Steen C, Stürenburg H, Kohlschütter A (1998) Hyperammonaemic encephalopathy after initiation of valproate therapy in unrecognised ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 64(5):680–682

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Longin E, Teich M, Koelfen W, König S (2002) Topiramate enhances the risk of valproate-associated side effects in three children. Epilepsia 43(4):451–454

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kesterson JW, Granneman GR, Machinist JM (1984) The hepatotoxicity of valproic acid and its metabolites in rats. I. Toxicologic, biochemical and histopathologic studies. Hepatology 4(6):1143–52

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Marini AM, Zaret BS, Beckner RR (1988) Hepatic and renal contributions to valproic acid-induced hyperammonemia. Neurology 38(3):365

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Altunbsak S, Baytok V, Tasouji M, Hergüner Ö, Burgut R, Kayrin L (1997) Asymptomatic hyperammonemia in children treated with valproic acid. J Child Neurol 12(7):461–463

Article  Google Scholar 

Stephens JR, Levy RH (1994) Effects of valproate and citrulline on ammonium-induced encephalopathy. Epilepsia 35(1):164–171

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sousa C (2013) Valproic acid-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy–a potentially fatal adverse drug reaction. Springerplus 2:1–3

Article  Google Scholar 

Beghi E, Bizzi A, Codegoni AM, Trevisan D, Torri W (1990) Valproate, carnitine metabolism, and biochemical indicators of liver function. Epilepsia 31(3):346–352

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Raskind JY, El-Chaar GM (2000) The role of carnitine supplementation during valproic acid therapy. Ann Pharmacother 34(5):630–638

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Woo PY, Woo AW, Lam SW, Ko NM, Ho JW, Chu AC et al (2020) Incidence, presentation, and risk factors for sodium valproate-associated hyperammonemia in neurosurgical patients: a prospective: Observational Study. World Neurosurg 144:e597–e604

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar