Weber, W. A. et al. What is theranostics?. J. Nucl. Med. 64, 669–670 (2023).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bodei, L., Herrmann, K., Schöder, H., Scott, A. M. & Lewis, J. S. Radiotheranostics in oncology: current challenges and emerging opportunities. Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. 19, 534–550 (2022).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fay, R. & Holland, J. P. The impact of emerging bioconjugation chemistries on radiopharmaceuticals. J. Nucl. Med. 60, 587–591 (2019).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Larson, S. M., Carrasquillo, J. A., Cheung, N.-K. V. & Press, O. W. Radioimmunotherapy of human tumours. Nat. Rev. Cancer 15, 347–360 (2015).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Goldenberg, D. M., Chang, C.-H., Rossi, E. A., McBride, W. J. & Sharkey, R. M. Pretargeted molecular imaging and radioimmunotherapy. Theranostics 2, 523–540 (2012).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Altai, M., Membreno, R., Cook, B., Tolmachev, V. & Zeglis, B. M. Pretargeted imaging and therapy. J. Nucl. Med. 58, 1553–1559 (2017).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hu, A. & Wilson, J. J. Advancing chelation strategies for large metal ions for nuclear medicine applications. Acc. Chem. Res. 55, 904–915 (2022).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kluetz, P. G. et al. Radium Ra 223 dichloride injection: U.S. Food and Drug Administration drug approval summary. Clin. Cancer Res. 20, 9–14 (2014).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shannon, R. D. Revised effective ionic radii and systematic studies of interatomic distances in halides and chalcogenides. Acta Crystallogr. A 32, 751–767 (1976).

Article  Google Scholar 

Zhao, J., Zhou, M. & Li, C. Synthetic nanoparticles for delivery of radioisotopes and radiosensitizers in cancer therapy. Cancer Nanotechnol. 7, 9 (2016).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Steed, J. W., Turner, D. R. & Wallace, K. J. Core Concepts in Supramolecular Chemistry and Nanochemistry (Wiley, 2007).

Lehn, J.-M. Supramolecular Chemistry: Concepts and Perspectives (Wiley, 1995).

Lehn, J.-M. Supramolecular chemistry: where from? Where to? Chem. Soc. Rev. 46, 2378–2379 (2017).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Davis, A. V., Yeh, R. M. & Raymond, K. N. Supramolecular assembly dynamics. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99, 4793–4796 (2002).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hu, J. & Liu, S. Engineering responsive polymer building blocks with host–guest molecular recognition for functional applications. Acc. Chem. Res. 47, 2084–2095 (2014).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yin, H., Cheng, Q., Bardelang, D. & Wang, R. Challenges and opportunities of functionalized cucurbiturils for biomedical applications. JACS Au 3, 2356–2377 (2023).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Assaf, K. I. & Nau, W. M. Cucurbiturils: from synthesis to high-affinity binding and catalysis. Chem. Soc. Rev. 44, 394–418 (2015).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dummert, S. V. et al. Cyclodextrin metal–organic frameworks and derivatives: recent developments and applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 51, 5175–5213 (2022).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li, J. & Loh, X. J. Cyclodextrin-based supramolecular architectures: syntheses, structures, and applications for drug and gene delivery. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 60, 1000–1017 (2008).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jiang, S. et al. Porous organic molecular solids by dynamic covalent scrambling. Nat. Commun. 2, 207 (2011).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Montà-González, G., Sancenón, F., Martínez-Máñez, R. & Martí-Centelles, V. Purely covalent molecular cages and containers for guest encapsulation. Chem. Rev. 122, 13636–13708 (2022).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gosselin, A. J., Rowland, C. A. & Bloch, E. D. Permanently microporous metal–organic polyhedra. Chem. Rev. 120, 8987–9014 (2020).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sun, Y., Chen, C., Liu, J. & Stang, P. J. Recent developments in the construction and applications of platinum-based metallacycles and metallacages via coordination. Chem. Soc. Rev. 49, 3889–3919 (2020).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhang, D., Ronson, T. K. & Nitschke, J. R. Functional capsules via subcomponent self-assembly. Acc. Chem. Res. 51, 2423–2436 (2018).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Harris, K., Sun, Q. F. & Fujita, M. in Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry II 2nd edn, Vol. 8 (eds Reedijk, J. & Poeppelmeier, K.) 31–57 (Elsevier, 2013).

Sun, Y. et al. Self-assembly of metallacages into multidimensional suprastructures with tunable emissions. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 140, 12819–12828 (2018).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cook, T. R., Zheng, Y.-R. R. & Stang, P. J. Metal–organic frameworks and self-assembled supramolecular coordination complexes: comparing and contrasting the design, synthesis, and functionality of metal–organic materials. Chem. Rev. 113, 734–777 (2013).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tateishi, T. et al. Coordination/metal–organic cages inside out. Coord. Chem. Rev. 467, 214612 (2022). This integrative review analyses the design principles of coordination and metal–organic cages and highlights the parallel development of the two areas with the aim of expanding the tools to create new MCgs.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ma, L. et al. Coordination cages as permanently porous ionic liquids. Nat. Chem. 12, 270–275 (2020).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ganta, S. & Chand, D. K. Multi-stimuli-responsive metallogel molded from a Pd2L4-type coordination cage: selective removal of anionic dyes. Inorg. Chem. 57, 3634–3645 (2018).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rancan, M. et al. Adaptive helicity and chiral recognition in bright europium quadruple-stranded helicates induced by host-guest interaction. Cell Rep. Phys. Sci. 3, 100692 (2022).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Gao, W. X., Zhang, H. N. & Jin, G. X. Supramolecular catalysis based on discrete heterometallic coordination-driven metallacycles and metallacages. Coord. Chem. Rev. 386, 69–84 (2019).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Gramage-Doria, R. et al. Gold(I) catalysis at extreme concentrations inside self-assembled nanospheres. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 53, 13380–13384 (2014).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ham, R., Nielsen, C. J., Pullen, S. & Reek, J. N. H. Supramolecular coordination cages for artificial photosynthesis and synthetic photocatalysis. Chem. Rev. 123, 5225–5261 (2023).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Brown, C. J., Toste, F. D., Bergman, R. G. & Raymond, K. N. Supram