Int J Sports Med
DOI: 10.1055/a-2408-7467
1
Department of Physical Education, Federal University of
Parana, Curitiba, Brazil (Ringgold ID: RIN28122)
,
Maressa Priscilla Krause
2
Academic Department of Physical Education, Federal
Technological University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil (Ringgold ID: RIN74354)
,
1
Department of Physical Education, Federal University of
Parana, Curitiba, Brazil (Ringgold ID: RIN28122)
,
Anderson Zampier Ulbrich
1
Department of Physical Education, Federal University of
Parana, Curitiba, Brazil (Ringgold ID: RIN28122)
,
Cosme Franklim Buzzachera
3
Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine and
Forensic Science, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (Ringgold ID: RIN28122)
,
Sergio Gregorio Silva
1
Department of Physical Education, Federal University of
Parana, Curitiba, Brazil (Ringgold ID: RIN28122)
› Author AffiliationsSupported by:
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de
Pessoal de Nível Superior
001
The authors express their gratitude to all the runners who
participated in this research project. This research was supported in part by
the Programa de Bolsas Universitárias de Santa Catarina (UNIEDU); and
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) – Finance
code 001.
› Further Information
Also available at
![SFX Search]()
Buy Article Permissions and Reprints
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the applicability of the 10-minute submaximal
treadmill test (T10 test), a self-paced test, in determining critical speed (CS)
and predicting running performance. Specifically, we sought to identify the
percentage of T10 velocity (vT10) that runners performed in official distance
races, and to compare physiological and performance indicators between sexes. 60
recreational runners (n=34 males and n=26 females) underwent a maximum
incremental test, the novel T10 test, and ran 1200-m and 2400-m on the track.
Runners self-reported their best performance times. Generalized Linear Model was
used to compare running performances between sexes. For both males and females,
the %vT10 in 5 km, 10 km, and half-marathon races occurred at 107.5% and 106.5%,
99.9% and 100.8%, and 92.6% and 97.1%, respectively. There was no interaction
effect (p=0.520) and no main effect of sex (p=0.443). There was a main effect of
distance (p<0.001), indicating that %vT10 in the 5km race differed from that
found in the 10 km race (p=0.012), as well as in the half-marathon (p<0.001).
Our findings suggest that %vT10 values can be used to determine pace in
recreational endurance runners for race distances regardless of sex.
Keywords
exercise intensity domains -
endurance performance -
critical velocity -
endurance running
Publication History
Received: 24 June 2024
Accepted after revision: 02 September 2024
Accepted Manuscript online:
03 September 2024
Article published online:
22 October 2024
© 2024. Thieme. All rights reserved.
Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Rüdigerstraße 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany
References
1
Jones AM,
Vanhatalo A.
The ‘Critical Power’ Concept: Applications to Sports Performance with a Focus on
Intermittent High-Intensity Exercise. Sports Med 2017; 47: 65-78
2
Black MI,
Jones AM,
Blackwell JR.
et al.
Muscle metabolic and neuromuscular determinants of fatigue during cycling in
different exercise intensity domains. J Appl Physiol 2017; 122: 446-459
3
Kirby BS,
Winn BJ,
Wilkins BW.
et al.
Interaction of exercise bioenergetics with pacing behavior predicts track
distance running performance. J Appl Physiol 2021; 131: 1532-1542
4
Poole DC,
Burnley M,
Vanhatalo A.
et al.
Critical Power: An Important Fatigue Threshold in Exercise Physiology. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 48: 2320-2334
5
Jones AM,
Burnley M,
Black MI.
et al.
The maximal metabolic steady state: Redefining the ‘gold standard’. Physiol Rep 2019; 7: e14098
6
Nixon RJ,
Kranen SH,
Vanhatalo A.
et al.
Steady-state V̇O2 above MLSS: Evidence that critical speed
better represents maximal metabolic steady state in well-trained runners. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121: 3133-3144
7
Burnley M,
Jones AM.
Power-duration relationship: Physiology, fatigue, and the limits of human
performance. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 18: 1-12
8
Jones AM,
Vanhatalo A,
Burnley M.
et al.
Critical Power: Implications for Determination of V˙O2max and
Exercise Tolerance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010; 42: 1876-1890
9
Poole DC,
Jones AM.
Critical power: A paradigm-shift for benchmarking exercise testing and
prescription. Exp Physiol. 2023 108. EP091126
10
Podlogar T,
Leo P,
Spragg J.
Using V̇O2max as a marker of training status in athletes – can
we do better?. J Appl Physiol 2022; 133: 144-147
11
de Borba EF,
Follador L,
Barbosa SC.
et al.
T10 Test as an Alternative Method to Assess Critical Speed and its Potential
Application to Runners. J Sci Sport Exerc 2022; 5: 369-377
12
Meyler S,
Bottoms L,
Wellsted D.
et al.
Variability in exercise tolerance and physiological responses to exercise
prescribed relative to physiological thresholds and to maximum oxygen
uptake. Exp Physiol 2023; 108: 581-594
13
Follador L,
Borba EF,
Silva SG.
Relationship of critical speed derived from a 10-min submaximal treadmill test
to 5-km and 10-km running performances. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2022; 47: 159-164
14
Galán-Rioja MÁ,
González-Mohíno F,
Poole DC.
et al.
Relative Proximity of Critical Power and Metabolic/Ventilatory Thresholds:
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2020; 50: 1771-1783
15
Kolbe T,
Dennis SC,
Selley E.
et al.
The relationship between critical power and running performance. J Sports Sci 1995; 13: 265-269
16
Follador L,
de Borba EF,
Neto ALB.
et al.
A submaximal treadmill test to predict critical speed. J Sports Sci 2021; 39: 835-844
17
Vanhatalo A,
Jones AM,
Burnley M.
Application of critical power in sport. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2011; 6: 128-136
18
Pringle JSM,
Carter H,
Doust JH.
et al.
Oxygen uptake kinetics during horizontal and uphill treadmill running in
humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 2002; 88: 163-169
19
Hair JF,
Black WC,
Sant’Anna AS.
Análise multivariada de dados. 6a
. Porto Alegre: Bookman; 2009
20
Vickers AJ,
Vertosick EA.
An empirical study of race times in recreational endurance runners. BMC Sports Sci, Med Rehabil 2016; 8: 26
21
Guest NS,
VanDusseldorp TA,
Nelson MT.
et al.
International society of sports nutrition position stand: Caffeine and exercise
performance. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2021; 18: 1
22
Kordi M,
Menzies C,
Galbraith A.
Comparison of Critical Speed and D′ Derived From 2 or 3 Maximal Tests. International Journal of Sports Physiology and
Performance 2019; 14: 685-688
23
Jones AM,
Doust JH.
A 1% treadmill grade most accurately reflects the energetic cost of outdoor
running. J Sports Sci 1996; 14: 321-327
24
Tanaka H,
Monahan KD,
Seals DR.
Age-predicted maximal heart rate revisited. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 37: 153-156
25
Howley ET,
Bassett DR,
Welch HG.
Criteria for maximal oxygen uptake: Review and commentary. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1995; 27: 1292-1301
26
Beltz NM,
Gibson AL,
Janot JM.
et al.
Graded Exercise Testing Protocols for the Determination of
V̇O2max: Historical Perspectives, Progress, and Future
Considerations. J Sports Med 2016; 2016: 3968393
27
Utter AC,
Robertson RJ,
Green JM.
et al.
Validation of the Adult OMNI Scale of Perceived Exertion for Walking/Running
Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004; 36: 1776-1780
28
Billat VL,
Flechet B,
Petit B.
et al.
Interval training at V̇O2max: Effects on aerobic performance
and overtraining markers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999; 31: 156-163
29
Hill DW.
The critical power concept. A review. Sports Med 1993; 16: 237-254
30
Hopkins WG,
Marshall SW,
Batterham AM.
et al.
Progressive Statistics for Studies in Sports Medicine and Exercise Science. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009; 41: 3
31
Cuk I,
Nikolaidis PT,
Villiger E.
et al.
Pacing in Long-Distance Running: Sex and Age Differences in 10-km Race and
Marathon. Medicina (Kaunas) 2021; 57: 389
32
Foster C,
de Koning JJ,
Hettinga FJ.
et al.
Competition Between Desired Competitive Result, Tolerable Homeostatic
Disturbance, and Psychophysiological Interpretation Determines Pacing
Strategy. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18: 335-346
33
Bigliassi M.
Neural basis of attentional focus during endurance exercise. Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol 2021; 14: 74-101
34
Hettinga FJ,
Edwards AM,
Hanley B.
The Science Behind Competition and Winning in Athletics: Using World-Level
Competition Data to Explore Pacing and Tactics. Front Sports Act Living 2019; 1: 11
35
Ristanović L,
Cuk I,
Villiger E.
et al.
The pacing differences in performance levels of marathon and half-marathon
runners. Front Psychol 2023; 14: 1273451
36
Smyth B,
Muniz-Pumares D.
Calculation of Critical Speed from Raw Training Data in Recreational Marathon
Runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 52: 2637-2645
37
Pettitt RW.
Applying the Critical Speed Concept to Racing Strategy and Interval Training
Prescription. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2016; 11: 842-847
38
Palacin F,
Poinsard L,
Pycke JR.
et al.
A Pilot Study Using Entropy for Optimizing Self-Pacing during a Marathon. Entropy (Basel) 2023; 25: 1119
39
Krause MP,
Haile L,
Antonio DS.
et al.
The Use of a Just Noticeable Difference Approach to Improve Perceptual Acuity
Ability in Male Runners. Percept Mot Skills 2024; 131 00315125241252852
40
Nimmerichter A,
Novak N,
Triska C.
et al.
Validity of Treadmill-Derived Critical Speed on Predicting 5000-Meter
Track-Running Performance. K Strength Cond Res 2017; 31: 706-714
41
Iannetta D,
Inglis EC,
Mattu AT.
et al.
A Critical Evaluation of Current Methods for Exercise Prescription in Women and
Men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 52: 466-473
42
Jamnick NA,
Pettitt RW,
Granata C.
et al.
An Examination and Critique of Current Methods to Determine Exercise
Intensity. Sports Med 2020; 50: 1729-1756
43
Denadai BS,
Greco CC.
Could middle- and long-distance running performance of well-trained athletes be
best predicted by the same aerobic parameters?. Curr Res Physiol 2022; 5: 265-269
44
Inoue A,
Santos TM,
Hettinga FJ.
et al.
The Impact of Sex and Performance Level on Pacing Behavior in a 24-h
Ultramarathon. Front Sports Act Living 2019; 1: 11
45
Casado A,
González-Mohíno F,
González-Ravé JM.
et al.
Pacing Profiles of Middle-Distance Running World Records in Men and Women. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18: 12589
46
Deaner RO,
Addona V,
Carter RE.
et al.
Fast men slow more than fast women in a 10 kilometer road race. PeerJ 2016; 4: e2235 DOI:
10.7717/peerj.2235.
47
Nikolaidis PT,
Ćuk I,
Knechtle B.
Pacing of Women and Men in Half-Marathon and Marathon Races. Medicina (Kaunas) 2019; 55: 14
48
Coyle EF.
Physiological Regulation of Marathon Performance. Sports Med 2007; 37: 306-311
49
March DS,
Vanderburgh PM,
Titlebaum PJ.
et al.
Age, Sex, and Finish Time as Determinants of Pacing in the Marathon. J Strength Cond Res 2011; 25: 386-391
50
Rapoport BI.
Metabolic Factors Limiting Performance in Marathon Runners. PLoS Comput Biol 2010; 6: e1000960
51
Trubee NW,
Vanderburgh PM,
Diestelkamp WS.
et al.
Effects of Heat Stress and Sex on Pacing in Marathon Runners. J Strength Cond Res 2014; 28: 1673-1678
52
Bigliassi M,
Filho E.
Functional significance of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during exhaustive
exercise. Biol Psychol 2022; 175: 108442
53
Croson R,
Gneezy U.
Gender Differences in Preferences. J Econ Lit 2009; 47: 448-474
54
Hubble C,
Zhao J.
Gender differences in marathon pacing and performance prediction. J Sport Anal 2016; 2: 19-36
55
Wagstaff CRD.
Emotion regulation and sport performance. J Sport Exerc Psychol 2014; 36: 401-412
56
Selinger JC,
Hicks JL,
Jackson RW.
et al.
Running in the wild: Energetics explain ecological running speeds. Curr Biol 2022; 32: 2309-2315.e3
57
Smyth B.
Fast starters and slow finishers: A large-scale data analysis of pacing at the
beginning and end of the marathon for recreational runners. J Sport Anal 2018; 4: 229-242
留言 (0)