Tiraset N, Poonyathalang A, Padungkiatsagul T, Deeyai M, Vichitkunakorn P, Vanikieti K. Comparison of visual acuity measurement using three methods: standard ETDRS chart, near chart and a smartphone-based eye chart application. Clin Ophthalmol. 2021;15:859–69.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dandona L, Dandona R. Revision of visual impairment definitions in the International Statistical Classification of Diseases. BMC Med. 2006;4. https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-4-7.

Singapore’s Eye Health [Internet]. www.snec.com.sg. Available from: https://www.snec.com.sg/giving/singapores-eye-health

GBD 2019 Blindness and Vision Impairment Collaborators, Vision Loss Expert Group of the Global Burden of Disease Study. Causes of blindness and vision impairment in 2020 and trends over 30 years, and prevalence of avoidable blindness in relation to VISION 2020: the Right to Sight: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet Glob Health. 2021;9:e144–60. Erratum Lancet Glob Health. 2021;9:e408.

GBD 2019 Blindness and Vision Impairment Collaborators, Vision Loss Expert Group of the Global Burden of Disease Study. Trends in prevalence of blindness and distance and near vision impairment over 30 years: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet Glob Health. 2021;9:e130–e143.

Kniestedt C, Stamper RL. Visual acuity and its measurement. Ophthalmol Clin North Am [Internet]. 2003;16:155–70. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12809155.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bourne RRA, Flaxman SR, Braithwaite T, Cicinelli MV, Das A, Jonas JB, et al. Magnitude, temporal trends, and projections of the global prevalence of blindness and distance and near vision impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health [Internet]. 2017;5:e888–97. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(17)30293-0/fulltext.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bellsmith KN, Gale MJ, Yang S, Nguyen IB, Prentiss CJ, Nguyen LT, et al. Validation of home visual acuity tests for Telehealth in the COVID-19 era. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2022;140:465–71.

Chen TA, Li J, Schallhorn JM, Sun CQ. Comparing a home vision self-assessment test to office-based snellen visual acuity. Clin Ophthalmol. 2021;15:3205–11.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Claessens J, van Egmond J, Wanten J, Bauer N, Nuijts R, Wisse R. The accuracy of a web-based visual acuity self-assessment tool performed independently by eye care patients at home: method comparison study. JMIR Form Res. 2023;7:e41045.

Bastawrous A, Rono HK, Livingstone IAT, Weiss HA, Jordan S, Kuper H, et al. Development and validation of a smartphone-based visual acuity test (peek acuity) for clinical practice and community-based fieldwork. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2015;133:930.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Steren BJ, Young B, Chow J. Visual acuity testing for telehealth using mobile applications. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2021.

Rani P, Satgunam P, Thakur M, Sachdeva V, Reddy S. Validation of visual acuity applications for teleophthalmology during COVID-19. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2020;0:0.

Google Scholar 

Lennie P, Van SB, National Research Council (U.S.). Committee On Disability Determination For Individuals With Visual Impairments. Visual impairments : determining eligibility for social security benefits. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press; 2002.

Sah S, Liu R, Lai H, Agrawal M, Jain P, Agashe P, et al. Improving access to eye care in rural communities: PocDoc’s web-based visual acuity screening tool. Telemed J E Health. 2024;30:763–70.

Tiew S, Lim C, Sivagnanasithiyar T. Using an Excel spreadsheet to convert snellen visual acuity to logmar visual acuity. Eye. 2020;34:2148–9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Suo L, Ke X, Zhang D, Qin X, Chen X, Hong Y, et al. Use of mobile apps for visual acuity assessment: systematic review and meta-analysis. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2022;10:e26275.

Thirunavukarasu AJ, Mullinger D, Rufus-Toye RM, Farrell S, Allen LE. Clinical validation of a novel web-application for remote assessment of distance visual acuity. Eye [Internet]. 2021;1–5. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41433-021-01760-2.

Johnson CA, Casson EJ. Effects of luminance, contrast, and blur on visual acuity. Optom Vis Sci. 1995;72:864–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Glover S, Kelly MR, Wozniak H, Moss ND. The effect of room illumination on visual acuity measurement. Aust Orthopt J. 1999;34:3–8.

Google Scholar 

Carkeet A, Lister LJ. Computer monitor pixellation and Sloan letter visual acuity measurement. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2017;38:144–51.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Atkinson J, E. Pimm-Smith, Evans C, Harding A, Braddick O. Visual crowding in young children. Documenta Ophthalmologica Proceedings Series. 1986;201–13.

Black JM, Jacobs RJ, Phillips G, Chen L, Tan E, Tran A, et al. An assessment of the iPad as a testing platform for distance visual acuity in adults. BMJ Open. 2013;3:e002730.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pointer JS. Recognition versus resolution: a comparison of visual acuity results using two alternative test chart Optotype. J Optom. 2008;1:65–70.

Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Şahlı E, İdil A. Common approach to low vision: examination and rehabilitation of the patient with low vision. Turk J Ophthalmol. 2019;49:89–98.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar