EAU (2023) Prostate Cancer Guidelines. http://www.uroweb.org. Accessed March 12nd 2022

National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Prostate Cancer (version 1.2023). http://www.nccn.org. Accessed March 12nd 2022

Epstein JI, Egevad L, Amin MB et al (2016) The 2014 international society of urological pathology (ISUP) consensus conference on gleason grading of prostatic carcinoma: definition of grading patterns and proposal for a new grading system. Am J Surg Pathol 40:244–52. https://doi.org/10.1097/PAS.0000000000000530

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Epstein JI, Zelefsky MJ, Sjoberg DD et al (2016) A contemporary prostate cancer grading system: a validated alternative to the gleason score. Eur Urol 69:428–435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2015.06.046

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wallis CJD, Zhao Z, Huang L-C et al (2022) Association of treatment modality, functional outcomes, and baseline characteristics with treatment-related regret among men with localized prostate cancer. JAMA Oncol 8:50–59. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2021.5160

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tafuri A, Sebben M, Rizzetto R et al (2020) Basal total testosterone serum levels predict biopsy and pathological ISUP grade group in a large cohort of Caucasian prostate cancer patients who underwent radical prostatectomy. Ther Adv Urol 12:1756287220929481. https://doi.org/10.1177/1756287220929481

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Porcaro AB, Panunzio A, Bianchi A et al (2023) Normal preoperative endogenous testosterone levels predict prostate cancer progression in elderly patients after radical prostatectomy. Ther Adv Urol 15:17562872231154150. https://doi.org/10.1177/17562872231154150

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Porcaro AB, Cerrato C, Tafuri A et al (2021) Low endogenous testosterone levels are associated with the extend of lymphnodal invasion at radical prostatectomy and extended pelvic lymph node dissection. Int Urol Nephrol 53:2027–2039. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-021-02938-z

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Porcaro AB, Panunzio A, Serafin E et al (2023) Preoperative endogenous total testosterone predicts prostate cancer progression: results in 580 consecutive patients treated with robot assisted radical prostatectomy for clinically localized disease. Int Urol Nephrol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-023-03563-8

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Benito Porcaro A, Tafuri A, Panunzio A et al (2023) Clinical implications of endogenous testosterone density on prostate cancer progression in patients with very favorable low and intermediate risk treated with radical prostatectomy. Asian J Androl. https://doi.org/10.4103/aja202298

Article  Google Scholar 

Wang C, Nieschlag E, Swerdloff R et al (2013) Investigation, treatment, and monitoring of late-onset hypogonadism in males: ISA, ISSAM, EAU, EAA, and ASA recommendations. J Androl 30:1–9. https://doi.org/10.2164/jandrol.108.006486

Article  Google Scholar 

Porcaro AB, Rizzetto R, Amigoni N et al (2022) American society of anesthesiologists’ (ASA) Physical status system and risk of major clavien-dindo complications after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy at hospital discharge: analysis of 1143 consecutive prostate cancer patients. Indian J Surg Oncol 13:848–857. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13193-022-01577-9

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

van der Kwast TH, Amin MB, Billis A, et al (2011) International society of urological pathology (ISUP) consensus conference on handling and staging of radical prostatectomy specimens. Working group 2: T2 substaging and prostate cancer volume. Mod Pathol 24:16–25. https://doi.org/10.1038/modpathol.2010.156

Chierigo F, Borghesi M, Würnschimmel C et al (2022) contemporary pathological stage distribution after radical prostatectomy in North American high-risk prostate cancer patients. Clin Genitourin Cancer 20:e380–e389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clgc.2022.04.005

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tholomier C, Couture F, Ajib K et al (2019) Oncological and functional outcomes of a large Canadian robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy database with 10 years of surgical experience. Can J Urol 26:9843–9851

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Würnschimmel C, Kachanov M, Wenzel M et al (2021) Twenty-year trends in prostate cancer stage and grade migration in a large contemporary German radical prostatectomy cohort. Prostate 81:849–856. https://doi.org/10.1002/pros.24181

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Freedland SJ, Kane CJ, Amling CL et al (2007) Upgrading and downgrading of prostate needle biopsy specimens: risk factors and clinical implications. Urology 69:495–499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2006.10.036

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Press BH, Khajir G, Ghabili K et al (2021) Utility of PSA density in predicting upgraded gleason score in men on active surveillance with negative MRI. Urology 155:96–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2021.05.035

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sayyid RK, Wilson B, Benton JZ et al (2021) Upgrading on radical prostatectomy specimens of very low- and low-risk prostate cancer patients on active surveillance: a population-level analysis. Can Urol Assoc J 15:E335–E339. https://doi.org/10.5489/cuaj.6868

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Klap J, Schmid M, Loughlin KR (2015) The relationship between total testosterone levels and prostate cancer: a review of the continuing controversy. J Urol 193:403–413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2014.07.123

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Lopez DS, Advani S, Tsilidis KK, et al (2017) Endogenous and exogenous testosterone and prostate cancer: decreased-, increased- or null-risk? Transl Androl Urol 6:566–579. https://doi.org/10.21037/tau.2017.05.35

Lane BR, Stephenson AJ, Magi-Galluzzi C et al (2008) Low testosterone and risk of biochemical recurrence and poorly differentiated prostate cancer at radical prostatectomy. Urology 72:1240–1245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2008.06.001

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yamamoto S, Yonese J, Kawakami S et al (2007) Preoperative serum testosterone level as an independent predictor of treatment failure following radical prostatectomy. Eur Urol 52:696–701. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2007.03.052

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Izumi K, Shigehara K, Nohara T et al (2017) Both high and low serum total testosterone levels indicate poor prognosis in patients with prostate cancer. Anticancer Res 37:5559–5564

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Tu H, Gu J, Meng QH et al (2017) Low serum testosterone is associated with tumor aggressiveness and poor prognosis in prostate cancer. Oncol Lett 13:1949–1957. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2017.5616

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Neal DE, Metcalfe C, Donovan JL et al (2020) Ten-year mortality, disease progression, and treatment-related side effects in men with localised prostate cancer from the ProtecT randomised controlled trial according to treatment received. Eur Urol 77:320–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2019.10.030

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tafuri A, Porcaro AB, Shakir A et al (2021) Serum testosterone and obesity in prostate cancer biology: a call for health promotion in the ageing male. Aging Clin Exp Res 33:1399–1401. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-020-01625-w

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Morgentaler A, Traish AM (2009) Shifting the paradigm of testosterone and prostate cancer: the saturation model and the limits of androgen-dependent growth. Eur Urol 55:310–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2008.09.024

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar