S.B. has received institutional funding for academic studies from AstraZeneca and GSK; honoraria for lectures from Abbvie, AstraZeneca, GSK, ImmunoGen, Merck Sharpe & Dohme, Mersana, Novacure, Pfizer, Roche, Takeda and Verastem Oncology; has had advisory roles for Abbvie, AstraZeneca, Epsilogen, GSK, Immunogen, ITM Oncologics, Merck Sharpe & Dohme, Mersana, Myriad, Novartis, Oncxerna, Regeneron, Seagen, Shattuck Labs, TORL Biotherapeutics, Verastem Oncology and Zymeworks; received travel support from AstraZeneca, GSK and Verastem Oncology; and is a past Director of Membership at ESMO (2020–2022). A.D. has received honoraria from or had advisory roles for 14ner/Elevation Oncology, Amgen, Anheart Therapeutics, Abbvie, ArcherDX, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Beigene, BergenBio, Blueprint Medicines, Boundless Bio, Bristol Myers Squibb, Chugai Pharmaceutical, EcoR1, EMD Serono, Entos, Exelixis, Helsinn, Hengrui Therapeutics, Ignyta/Genentech/Roche, Innocare, Janssen, Loxo/Lilly, Merus, Monopteros, MonteRosa, Novartis, Nuvalent, Pfizer, Prelude, Regeneron, Repare RX, Takeda/Ariad/Millenium, Treeline Bio, TP Therapeutics, Tyra Biosciences, Verastem Oncology and Zymeworks; has received institutional funding from Foundation Medicine, GSK, Pharmamar, Taiho and Teva; owns equity in mBrace and Treeline; has a copyright for selpercatinib-osimertinib (pending, US 18/041,617); has received royalties from UpToDate and Wolters Kluwer; has received support for food/beverage from Boehringer Ingelheim, Merck and Puma; and has received continuing medical education-related honoraria from Answers in CME, Applied Pharmaceutical Science, AXIS, Clinical Care Options, Doc Congress, EPG Health, Harborside Nexus, I3 Health, Imedex, Liberum, Med Learning, Medendi, Medscape, MedTalks, MJH Life Sciences, MORE Health, Ology, OncLive, Paradigm, Peerview Institute, PeerVoice, Physicians Education Resources, Projects in Knowledge, Resources, Remedica, Research to Practice, RV More, Springer Healthcare, Targeted Oncology, TouchIME and WebMD. T.J.F. has patents in the field of immunotherapy. I.M.G. has had advisory roles for GSK, Janssen, Menarini, Pfizer and Sanofi; and is a co-founder of Predicta bio. L.G. has had advisory roles for Artemida Pharma, AstraZeneca, Beigene, Daiichi-Sankyo, Pfizer, Roche and Zymeworks; has had consulting roles for selected programmes of Amgen, Biomedical Insights, Denali Therapeutics, Menarini, Revolution Medicines, Synaffix and Xymeworks; and is a co-inventor of European Patent Application N. 12195182.6 and 12196177.5 titled “PDL-1 expression in anti-HER2 therapy” with Roche (no compensation provided). R.K.J. has received consultant fees from DynamiCure and SynDevRx; owns equity in Accurius, Enlight and SynDevRx; and has served on the boards of trustees of Tekla Healthcare Investors, Tekla Healthcare Opportunities Fund, Tekla Life Sciences Investors and Tekla World Healthcare Fund; and received grants from Boehringer Ingelheim and Sanofi. G.K. has held research contracts with Daiichi-Sankyo, Eleor, Kaleido, Lytix Pharma, PharmaMar, Osasuna Therapeutics, Samsara Therapeutics, Sanofi, Sutro, Tollys and Vascage; is on the board of directors of the Bristol Myers Squibb Foundation France; is a scientific co-founder of everImmune, Osasuna Therapeutics, Samsara Therapeutics and Therafast Bio; is in the scientific advisory boards of Hevolution, Institut Servier, Longevity Vision Funds and Rejuveron Life Sciences; and has patents covering therapeutic targeting of aging, cancer, cystic fibrosis and metabolic disorders, of which “Methods for weight reduction” (US11905330B1) is relevant to this study. G.K.’s spouse has held research contracts with 9m, Daiichi-Sankyo, GSK, Incyte, Innovate Pharma, Lytix, Kaleido, Merus, Pilege, Roche, Transgene, and Tusk and Roche; was on the board of directors of Transgene; is a co-founder of everImmune; and holds patents covering the treatment of cancer and the therapeutic manipulation of the microbiota. J.M.L. has received research support from Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals and Eisai; and consulting fees from AstraZeneca, Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eisai, Genentech, Glycotest, Merck, Moderna and Roche. G.V.L. is a consultant adviser for Agenus, Amgen, Array Biopharma, AstraZeneca, Bayer, BioNTech, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Evaxion, Hexal AG (Sandoz Company), Highlight Therapeutics, IOBiotech, Immunocore, Innovent Biologics USA, Merck Sharpe & Dohme, Novartis, PHMR, Pierre Fabre, Regeneron, Scancell and SkylineDX. K.P.-J. is the immediate past President of the International Society of Paediatric Oncology, chair of the International Society of Paediatric Oncology and WHO non-state actor engagement committee. H.I.S. has been a compensated consultant/adviser to Bayer, Pfizer, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Sanofi (Genzyme Corporation) and WCG Oncology; an uncompensated consultant/advisory to AIQ Global, Amgen, Janssen Biotech, Janssen Research & Development, LLC and Promontory Therapeutics; has received honoraria from Arsenal Capital and Physician Education Resource; has received reviewer fees from Elsevier; has received institutional research funding from AIQ Solutions, Biodesix, Epic Sciences, Janssen, Prostate Cancer Foundation and Thermo Fisher; holds intellectual property rights at Elucida Oncology; and has received non-financial support from Amgen, Astrin Biosciences, Bayer, Biodesix, Epic Sciences, Promontory Therapeutics, Pfizer, Prostate Cancer Foundation and WCG Oncology. J.T. has had scientific consultancy roles for Alentis Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Aveo Oncology, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cardiff Oncology, CARSgen Therapeutics, Chugai, Daiichi-Sankyo, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Genentech, hC Bioscience, Immodulon Therapeutics, Inspirna, Lilly, Menarini, Merck Serono, Merck Sharpe & Dohme, Merus, Mirati, Neophore, Novartis, Ona Therapeutics, Ono Pharma USA, Orion Biotechnology, Peptomyc, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre, Samsung Bioepis, Sanofi, Scandion Oncology, Scorpion Therapeutics, Seattle Genetics, Servier, Sotio Biotech, Taiho, Takeda Oncology and Tolremo Therapeutics; holds stock at 1TRIALSP, Alentis Therapeutics, Oniria Therapeutics and Pangaea Oncology; and has had educational collaborations with Medscape Education, PeerView Institute for Medical Education and Physicians Education Resource. R.R.W. is a co-founder and Chief Scientific Officer at PersonaDX (USA), which includes start-up stock but no other income. M.W. has received research grants from Novartis, Quercis and Versameb; honoraria for lectures or advisory board participation or consulting from Anheart, Bayer, Curevac, Medac, Neurosense, Novartis, Novocure, Orbus, Pfizer, Philogen, Roche and Servier; and is a board member at the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer. Y.L.W. has received institutional research support from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Hengrui and Roche; speaker fees from AstraZeneca, Beigene, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly and Company, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Pfizer, Roche and Sanofi; and has unpaid memberships in governmental organizations of ASCO, ESMO, International Association Study of Lung Cancer, Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology and Chinese Thoracic Oncology Group. C.M.B., E.B., M.W.B. and K.P. declare no competing interests.