Alsaied, A., Islam, N. & Thalib, L. Global incidence of Necrotizing Enterocolitis: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. BMC Pediatrics 20, 344 (2020).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Han, S. M. et al. Trends in incidence and outcomes of necrotizing enterocolitis over the last 12 years: A multicenter cohort analysis. J. Pediatr. Surg. 55, 998–1001 (2020).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vaidya, R. et al. Long-Term Outcome of Necrotizing Enterocolitis and Spontaneous Intestinal Perforation. Pediatrics 150, e2022056445 (2022).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bazacliu, C. & Neu, J. Necrotizing Enterocolitis: Long Term Complications. Curr. Pediatr. Rev. 15, 115–124 (2019).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hackam, D. J. & Sodhi, C. P. Toll-Like Receptor-Mediated Intestinal Inflammatory Imbalance in the Pathogenesis of Necrotizing Enterocolitis. Cell Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 6, 229–238 (2018).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Epelman, M. et al. Necrotizing enterocolitis: review of state-of-the-art imaging findings with pathologic correlation. Radiographics 27, 285–305 (2007).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yuan, K., Chen, Q. Q., Zhu, Y. L. & Luo, F. Hepatic portal venous gas without definite clinical manifestations of necrotizing enterocolitis in a 3-day-old full-term neonate: A case report. World J. Clin. Cases 9, 9269–9275 (2021).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ergenekon, E., Tayman, C. & Özkan, H. Turkish Neonatal Society Necrotizing Enterocolitis Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention Guidelines. Turk. Arch. Pediatr. 56, 513–524 (2021).

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tam, A. L., Camberos, A. & Applebaum, H. Surgical decision making in necrotizing enterocolitis and focal intestinal perforation: predictive value of radiologic findings. J. Pediatr. Surg. 37, 1688–1691 (2002).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Molik, K. A. et al. Portal venous air: the poor prognosis persists. J. Pediatr. Surg. 36, 1143–1145 (2001).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sharma, R. et al. Portal venous gas and surgical outcome of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. J. Pediatr. Surg. 40, 371–376 (2005).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bell, M. J. et al. Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. Therapeutic decisions based upon clinical staging. Ann. Surg. 187, 1–7 (1978).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Elimian, A. et al. Intrapartum assessment of fetal well-being: any role for a fetal admission test? J. Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 13, 408–413 (2003).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Group of Pediatrics. et al. Chinese guideline for newborn nutrition support in neonates. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi 8, 352–356 (2006).

Google Scholar 

Yang, H. B. et al. Incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis in South Korea from 2007 to 2017. J. Perinatol. 41, 1092–1099 (2021).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Juhl, S. M., Gregersen, R., Lange, T. & Greisen, G. Incidence and risk of necrotizing enterocolitis in Denmark from 1994-2014. PLoS One 14, e0219268 (2019).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dördelmann, M. et al. Evaluation of portal venous gas detected by ultrasound examination for diagnosis of necrotising enterocolitis. Arch. Dis. Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 94, F183–F187 (2009).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen, J. et al. Predictive factors for rapid progression in preterm neonates with necrotizing enterocolitis. Front. Pediatr. 10, 970998 (2023).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cuna, A. C., Reddy, N., Robinson, A. L. & Chan, S. S. Bowel ultrasound for predicting surgical management of necrotizing enterocolitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatr. Radio. 48, 658–666 (2018).

Article  Google Scholar 

Lin, X., Zeng, H. P., Fang, Y. F., Lin, Y. Y. & Yang, C. Y. Predictive Indicators for Necrotizing Enterocolitis With the Presence of Portal Venous Gas and Outcomes of Surgical Interventions. Front. Pediatr. 9, 683510 (2021).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hackam, D. & Caplan, M. Necrotizing enterocolitis: Pathophysiology from a historical context. Semin Pediatr. Surg. 27, 11–18 (2018).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Meister, A. L., Doheny, K. K. & Travagli, R. A. Necrotizing enterocolitis: It’s not all in the gut. Exp. Biol. Med. 245, 85–95 (2020).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Dolgin, S. E. et al. Alterations in respiratory status: early signs of severe necrotizing enterocolitis. J. Pediatr. Surg. 33, 856–858 (1998).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shi, B. et al. A Nomogram for Predicting Surgical Timing in Neonates with Necrotizing Enterocolitis. J. Clin. Med. 12, 3062 (2023).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yu, M., Liu, G., Feng, Z. & Huang, L. Combination of plasma white blood cell count, platelet count and C-reactive protein level for identifying surgical necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants without pneumoperitoneum. Pediatr. Surg. Int. 34, 945–950 (2018).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zouari, M. et al. Predictive Factors for Mortality in Pre-Term Neonates with Necrotizing Enterocolitis: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Surg. Infect. 24, 52–57 (2023).

Article  Google Scholar 

Ververidis, M. et al. The clinical significance of thrombocytopenia in neonates with necrotizing enterocolitis. J. Pediatr. Surg. 36, 799–803 (2001).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hsueh, W. et al. Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis: clinical considerations and pathogenetic concepts. Pediatr. Dev. Pathol. 6, 6–23 (2003).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hyman, P. E., Abrams, C. E. & Zipser, R. D. Enhanced urinary immunoreactive thromboxane in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. A diagnostic indicator of thrombotic activity. Am. J. Dis. Child 141, 686–689 (1987).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hällström, M., Koivisto, A. M., Janas, M. & Tammela, O. Laboratory parameters predictive of developing necrotizing enterocolitis in infants born before 33 weeks of gestation. J. Pediatr. Surg. 41, 792–798 (2006).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Miner, C. A., Fullmer, S., Eggett, D. L. & Christensen, R. D. Factors affecting the severity of necrotizing enterocolitis. J. Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 26, 1715–1719 (2013).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Duci, M. et al. Neonatal independent predictors of severe NEC. Pediatr. Surg. Int. 34, 663–669 (2018).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Buras, R., Guzzetta, P., Avery, G. & Naulty, C. Acidosis and hepatic portal venous gas: indications for surgery in necrotizing enterocolitis. Pediatrics 78, 273–277 (1986).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Samuels, N., van de Graaf, R. A., de Jonge, R. C. J., Reiss, I. K. M. & Vermeulen, M. J. Risk factors for necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates: a systematic review of prognostic studies. BMC Pediatr. 17, 105 (2017).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central