Abdul R, Wang M-R, Zhong C-J, Liu Y-Y, Hou W, Xiong H-R (2022) An updated review on the antimicrobial and pharmacological properties of Uncaria (Rubiaceae). J Herb Med 34:100573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hermed.2022.100573

Article  Google Scholar 

Abdullah NH, Ismail S (2018) Inhibition of UGT2B7 Enzyme Activity in Human and Rat Liver Microsomes by Herbal Constituents. Mol J Syn Chem Nat Prod Chem 23(10):2696. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23102696

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Alhassani RY, Bagadood RM, Balubaid RN, Barno HI, Alahmadi MO, Ayoub NA (2021) Drug Therapies Affecting Renal Function: An Overview. Cureus 13(11):e19924. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.19924

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Almazroo OA, Miah MK, Venkataramanan R (2017) Drug Metabolism in the Liver. Clin Liver Dis 21(1):1–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cld.2016.08.001

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Andriambeloson OH, Noah RMA, Rigobert A, Jean-Marc C, Luciano R , Rado R (2021) Isolation of Novel Vincristine and Vinblastine Producing Streptomyces Species from Catharanthus Roseus Rhizospheric Soil. 17 https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1082130/v1

Arian CM, Imaoka T, Yang J, Kelly EJ, Thummel KE (2022) Gutsy Science: In vitro systems of the human intestine to model oral drug disposition. Pharmacol Ther 230:107962. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107962

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Asano S, Kurosaki C, Mori Y, Shigemi R (2024) Quantitative prediction of transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions using the mechanistic static pharmacokinetic (MSPK) model. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 54:100531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dmpk.2023.100531

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ashoka H, Hegde P, Ms C, Shettihalli A, Shashi P (2017) Isolation and Detection of Vinca Alkaloids from Endophytes Isolated from Catharanthus Roseus. Eur J Biomed Pharm Sci 4(10):675–683

CAS  Google Scholar 

Azizi J, Ismail S, Mansor SM (2013) Mitragyna speciosa Korth leaves extracts induced the CYP450 catalyzed aminopyrine-N-demethylase (APND) and UDP-glucuronosyl transferase (UGT) activities in male Sprague-Dawley rat livers. Drug Metabol Drug Interact 28(2):95–105. https://doi.org/10.1515/dmdi-2012-0039

Barati M, Chahardehi AM, Barati M, Chahardehi AM (2023) Alkaloids: The Potential of Their Antimicrobial Activities of Medicinal Plants. Med Plants—Chem Biochem Pharmacol Approaches IntechOpen https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.112364

Berrouet C, Dorilas N, Rejniak KA, Tuncer N (2020) Comparison of Drug Inhibitory Effects (IC50) in Monolayer and Spheroid Cultures. Bull Math Biol 82(6):68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11538-020-00746-7

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Brown PN, Lund JA, Murch SJ (2017) A botanical, phytochemical and ethnomedicinal review of the genus Mitragyna korth: Implications for products sold as kratom. J Ethnopharmacol 202:302–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2017.03.020

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cascorbi I (2012) Drug Interactions—Principles, Examples and Clinical Consequences. Dtsch Ärztebl Int 109(33–34):546–556. https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2012.0546

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cinosi E, Martinotti G, Simonato P, Singh D, Demetrovics Z, Roman-Urrestarazu A, Bersani FS, Vicknasingam B, Piazzon G, Li J-H, Yu W-J, Kapitány-Fövény M, Farkas J, Di Giannantonio M, Corazza O (2015) Following “the Roots” of Kratom (Mitragynaspeciosa): The evolution of an enhancer from a traditional use to increase work and productivity in Southeast Asia to a recreational psychoactive drug in western countries. BioMed Res Int 2015(1):968786. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/968786

CodeBlue. (2019) Ketum Linked To Almost 100 Deaths In US. CodeBlue. https://codeblue.galencentre.org/2019/04/17/ketum-linked-to-almost-100-deaths-in-us/. Accessed 29 February 2024

Commissioner, O. of the. (2020) FDA issues warnings to companies selling illegal, unapproved kratom drug products marketed for opioid cessation, pain treatment and other medical uses. FDA; FDA. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-issues-warnings-companies-selling-illegal-unapproved-kratom-drug-products-marketed-opioid. Accessed 19 March 2024

Cordell GA, Quinn-Beattie ML, Farnsworth NR (2001) The potential of alkaloids in drug discovery. Phytother Res PTR 15(3):183–205. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.890

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Daley S, Cordell GA (2021) Alkaloids in Contemporary Drug Discovery to Meet Global Disease Needs. Molecules 26(13):3800. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26133800

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Debnath B, Singh WS, Das M, Goswami S, Singh MK, Maiti D, Manna K (2018) Role of plant alkaloids on human health: A review of biological activities. Mater Today Chem 9:56–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtchem.2018.05.001

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Dey P, Kundu A, Kumar A, Gupta M, Lee BM, Bhakta T, Dash S, Kim HS (2020) Analysis of alkaloids (indole alkaloids, isoquinoline alkaloids, tropane alkaloids). Recent Adv Nat Prod Anal 505–567. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816455-6.00015-9

Eastlack SC, Cornett EM, Kaye AD (2020) Kratom—Pharmacology, Clinical Implications, and Outlook: A Comprehensive Review. Pain and Ther 9(1):55–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40122-020-00151-x

Article  Google Scholar 

Fasinu P, Bouic P, Rosenkranz B (2012) An Overview of the Evidence and Mechanisms of Herb-Drug Interactions. Front Pharmacol 3:69. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2012.00069

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fasinu PS, Rapp GK (2019) Herbal Interaction With Chemotherapeutic Drugs—A Focus on Clinically Significant Findings. Front Oncol 9:1356. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2019.01356

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fong YK, Li CR, Wo SK, Wang S, Zhou L, Zhang L, Lin G, Zuo Z (2012) In vitro and in situ evaluation of herb–drug interactions during intestinal metabolism and absorption of Baicalein. J Ethnopharmacol 141(2):742–753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2011.08.042

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gan J, Chen W, Shen H, Gao L, Hong Y, Tian Y, Li W, Zhang Y, Tang Y, Zhang H, Humphreys WG, Rodrigues AD (2010) Repaglinide-gemfibrozil drug interaction: Inhibition of repaglinide glucuronidation as a potential additional contributing mechanism. Br J Clin Pharmacol 70(6):870–880. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03772.x

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Garza AZ, Park SB, Kocz R (2024) Drug Elimination. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547662/

Gong C, Bertagnolli LN, Boulton DW, Coppola P (2023) A Literature Review of Changes in Phase II Drug-Metabolizing Enzyme and Drug Transporter Expression during Pregnancy. Pharmaceutics 15(11):2624. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15112624

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Grogan S, Preuss CV (2023) Pharmacokinetics. StatPearls Publishing, In StatPearls

Google Scholar 

Guillemette C, Bélanger A, Lépine J (2004) Metabolic inactivation of estrogens in breast tissue by UDP-glucuronosyltransferase enzymes: An overview. Breast Cancer Res 6(6):246. https://doi.org/10.1186/bcr936

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Guo W-R, Zheng X-W, Zhang Y, Chen P-S (2015) Inhibition of Eye Diseases Treatment Drug Rhynchophylline towards Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes (Dmes). Lat Am J Pharm 34(10):2061–2067

Google Scholar 

Guo Y, Luo C, Tu G, Li C, Liu Y, Liu W, Lam Yung KK, Mo Z (2018) Rhynchophylline Downregulates Phosphorylated cAMP Response Element Binding Protein, Nuclear Receptor-related-1, and Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor Expression in the Hippocampus of Ketamine-induced Conditioned Place Preference Rats. Pharmacogn Mag 14(53):81–86. https://doi.org/10.4103/pm.pm_90_17

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hanapi NA, Ismail S, Mansor SM (2013) Inhibitory effect of mitragynine on human cytochrome P450 enzyme activities. Pharmacogn Res 5(4):241–246. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-8490.118806

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Hanapi NA, Chear NJ-Y, Azizi J, Yusof SR (2021) Kratom Alkaloids: Interactions With Enzymes, Receptors, and Cellular Barriers. Front Pharmacol 12:751656. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.751656

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Haron M, Ismail S (2015) Effects of mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine (the alkaloids of Mitragyna speciosa Korth) on 4-methylumbelliferone glucuronidation in rat and human liver microsomes and recombinant human uridine 5’-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase isoforms. Pharmacogn Res 7(4):341–349. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-8490.159580

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Heinrich M, Mah J, Amirkia V (2021) Alkaloids Used as Medicines: Structural Phytochemistry Meets Biodiversity—An Update and Forward Look. Molecules 26(7):1836. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26071836

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central