Remmers JE, deGroot WJ, Sauerland EK, Anch AM (1978) Pathogenesis of upper airway occlusion during sleep. J Appl Physiol 44(6):931–938

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Punjabi NM, Ahmed MM, Polotsky VY, Beamer BA, O’Donnell CP (2003) Sleep-disordered breathing, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 136:2–3

Article  Google Scholar 

Punjabi NM et al (2009) Sleep-disordered breathing and mortality: a prospective cohort study. PLoS Med 6(8):e1000132

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Marshall NS, Wong KK, Liu PY, Cullen SR, Knuiman MW, Grunstein RR (2008) Sleep apnea as an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality: the Busselton Health Study. Sleep 31(8):1079–1085

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yaggi HK, Concato J, Kernan WN, Lichtman JH, Brass LM, Mohsenin V (2005) Obstructive sleep apnea as a risk factor for stroke and death. N Engl J Med 353(19):2034–2041

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Young T et al (2008) Sleep disordered breathing and mortality: eighteen-year follow-up of the Wisconsin sleep cohort. Sleep 31(8):1071–1078

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hla KM, Skatrud JB, Finn L, Palta M, Young T (2002) The effect of correction of sleep-disordered breathing on BP in untreated hypertension, Chest, vol. 122, no. 4, pp. 1125–32, Oct

Marin JM, Carrizo SJ, Vicente E, Agusti AG (2005) Long-term cardiovascular outcomes in men with obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea with or without treatment with continuous positive airway pressure: an observational study. Lancet 365(9464):1046–1053

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Frost, Sullivan, Hidden Health Crisis Costing America Billions: Underdiagnosing and Undertreating Obstructive Sleep Apnea Draining Healthcare System (2016). American Academy of Sleep Medicine, [Online]. Available: https://aasm.org/resources/pdf/sleep-apnea-economic-crisis.pdf

Kribbs NB et al (1993) Objective measurement of patterns of nasal CPAP use by patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Amer Rev Respir Dis 147(4):887–895

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Weaver TE et al (1997) Night-to-night variability in CPAP use over the first three months of treatment. Sleep 20(4):278–283

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McGinley BM, Patil SP, Kirkness JP, Smith PL, Schwartz AR, Schneider H (2007) A nasal cannula can be used to treat obstructive sleep apnea, American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, vol. 176, no. 2, pp. 194–200, Jul. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200609-1336OC

Cistulli PA, Gotsopoulos H, Marklund M, Lowe AA (2004) Treatment of snoring and obstructive sleep apnea with mandibular repositioning appliances. Sleep Med Rev 8(6):443–457

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Camacho M, Song SA, Tolisano AM (Sep. 2016) Oral pressure therapy (winx) for obstructive sleep apnea: a meta-analysis updating the systematic review. Sleep Breath 20(3):1011–1012. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11325-016-1350-z

Ulfberg J, Fenton G (1997) Effect of Breathe Right nasal strip on snoring. Rhinology 35(2):50–52

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Patil SP, Schneider H, Marx JJ, Gladmon E, Schwartz AR, Smith PL (2007) Neuromechanical control of upper airway patency during sleep, Journal of Applied Physiology, vol. 102, no. 2, pp. 547–556, Feb. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00282.2006

McGinley BM, Schwartz AR, Schneider H, Kirkness JP, Smith PL, Patil SP (2008) Upper airway neuromuscular compensation during sleep is defective in obstructive sleep apnea, Journal of Applied Physiololgy, vol. 105, no. 1, pp. 197–205, Jul. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01214.2007

Horner RL (1996) Motor control of the pharyngeal musculature and implications for the pathogenesis of obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep 19(10):827–853

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Amorim MR et al (2021) The Effect of DREADD activation of leptin receptor positive neurons in the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract on Sleep Disordered Breathing. Int J Mol Sci 22(13). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22136742

Pho H et al (Jan. 2016) The effect of leptin replacement on sleep-disordered breathing in the leptin-deficient ob/ob mouse. J Appl Physiol 120(1):78–86. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00494.2015

Polotsky M et al (May 2012) Effects of leptin and obesity on the upper airway function. J Appl Physiol 112(Electronic):1522–1601

Taranto-Montemurro L et al (2018) Nov., The Combination of Atomoxetine and Oxybutynin Greatly Reduces Obstructive Sleep Apnea Severity: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Crossover Trial, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201808-1493OC

Schweitzer PK et al (2023) Oct., The Combination of Aroxybutynin and Atomoxetine in the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (MARIPOSA): A Randomized Controlled Trial, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.202306-1036OC

Aishah A et al (2023) Apr., One Month Dosing of Atomoxetine plus Oxybutynin in Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Randomized, Placebo-controlled Trial, Ann Am Thorac Soc, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 584–595, https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.202206-492OC

Pepperell JC et al (2002) Ambulatory blood pressure after therapeutic and subtherapeutic nasal continuous positive airway pressure for obstructive sleep apnoea: a randomised parallel trial. Lancet 359(9302):204–210

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kohler M et al (2011) Effects of continuous positive airway pressure therapy withdrawal in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Respiratory Crit Care Med 184(10):1192–1199

Article  Google Scholar 

Davies RJ, Stradling JR (2000) The efficacy of nasal continuous positive Airway pressure in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is proven. Am J Respiratory Crit Care Med 161(6):1775–1776

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Leenen FHH, Ruzicka M, Floras JS (2012) Central sympathetic inhibition by mineralocorticoid receptor but not angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade: are prescribed doses too low? Hypertension, vol. 60, no. 2, pp. 278–280, Aug. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.112.197012

Gaddam K et al (2010) Aug., Spironolactone reduces severity of obstructive sleep apnoea in patients with resistant hypertension: a preliminary report, J Hum Hypertens, vol. 24, no. 8, pp. 532–537, https://doi.org/10.1038/jhh.2009.96

Yumino D et al (2010) Nocturnal rostral fluid shift: a unifying concept for the pathogenesis of obstructive and central sleep apnea in men with heart failure. Circulation 121(14):1598–1605

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Khurshid K et al (Aug. 2016) Effect of antihypertensive medications on the severity of obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. J Clin Sleep Med 12(08):1143–1151. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.6054

Whitney CW et al (1998) Reliability of scoring respiratory disturbance indices and sleep staging. Sleep 21(7):749–757

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sands SA et al (Jan. 2018) Phenotyping pharyngeal pathophysiology using polysomnography in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 197(9):1187–1197. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201707-1435OC

Wasicko MJ, Hutt DA, Parisi RA, Neubauer JA, Mezrich R, Edelman NH (1990) The role of vascular tone in the control of upper airway collapsibility. Am Rev Respir Dis 141(6):1569–1577

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gaddam KK et al (2008) Jun., Characterization of resistant hypertension: association between resistant hypertension, aldosterone, and persistent intravascular volume expansion, Arch Intern Med, vol. 168, no. 11, pp. 1159–1164, https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.168.11.1159

Taranto-Montemurro L et al (2020) Jun., Effects of the Combination of Atomoxetine and Oxybutynin on OSA Endotypic Traits, Chest, vol. 157, no. 6, pp. 1626–1636, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.01.012

Schweitzer PK, Maynard JP, Wylie PE, Emsellem HA, Sands SA (May 2023) Efficacy of atomoxetine plus oxybutynin in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea with moderate pharyngeal collapsibility. Sleep Breath 27(2):495–503. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11325-022-02634-x