Dyck E. Flashback: psychiatric experimentation with LSD in historical perspective. Can J Psychiatry. 2005;50:381–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hofman A. LSD - my problem child. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company; 1980.

Huxley A. The doors of perception. 1 edition. New York: Harper & Row; 1954.

Carhart-Harris RL, Goodwin GM. The therapeutic potential of psychedelic drugs: past, present, and future. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2017;42:2105–13.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Krebs TS, Johansen PØ. Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) for alcoholism: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Psychopharmacol. 2012;26:994–1002.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rucker JJH, Jelen LA, Flynn S, Frowde KD, Young AH. Psychedelics in the treatment of unipolar mood disorders: a systematic review. J Psychopharmacol. 2016;30:1220–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kelly JR, Gillan CM, Prenderville J, Kelly C, Harkin A, Clarke G, et al. Psychedelic therapy’s transdiagnostic effects: a research domain criteria (RDoC) perspective. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:800072.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Leger RF, Unterwald EM. Assessing the effects of methodological differences on outcomes in the use of psychedelics in the treatment of anxiety and depressive disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychopharmacol. 2022;36:20–30.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Carhart-Harris RL, Bolstridge M, Rucker J, Day CMJ, Erritzoe D, Kaelen M, et al. Psilocybin with psychological support for treatment-resistant depression: an open-label feasibility study. Lancet Psychiatry. 2016;3:619–27.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Goldberg SB, Pace BT, Nicholas CR, Raison CL, Hutson PR. The experimental effects of psilocybin on symptoms of anxiety and depression: a meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res. 2020;284:112749.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Davis AK, Barrett FS, May DG, Cosimano MP, Sepeda ND, Johnson MW, et al. Effects of psilocybin-assisted therapy on major depressive disorder: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2021;78:481–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Carhart-Harris R, Giribaldi B, Watts R, Baker-Jones M, Murphy-Beiner A, Murphy R, et al. Trial of psilocybin versus escitalopram for depression. N Engl J Med. 2021;384:1402–11.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Galvão-Coelho NL, Marx W, Gonzalez M, Sinclair J, de Manincor M, Perkins D, et al. Classic serotonergic psychedelics for mood and depressive symptoms: a meta-analysis of mood disorder patients and healthy participants. Psychopharmacology. 2021;238:341–54.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ross S, Bossis A, Guss J, Agin-Liebes G, Malone T, Cohen B, et al. Rapid and sustained symptom reduction following psilocybin treatment for anxiety and depression in patients with life-threatening cancer: a randomized controlled trial. J Psychopharmacol. 2016;30:1165–80.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Griffiths RR, Johnson MW, Carducci MA, Umbricht A, Richards WA, Richards BD, et al. Psilocybin produces substantial and sustained decreases in depression and anxiety in patients with life-threatening cancer: a randomized double-blind trial. J Psychopharmacol. 2016;30:1181–97.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Vargas AS, Luís Â, Barroso M, Gallardo E, Pereira L. Psilocybin as a new approach to treat depression and anxiety in the context of life-threatening diseases-a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Biomedicines. 2020;8:331.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Holze F, Gasser P, Müller F, Dolder PC, Liechti ME. Lysergic acid diethylamide-assisted therapy in patients with anxiety with and without a life-threatening illness: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase II study. Biol Psychiatry. 2023;93:215–23.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lowe H, Toyang N, Steele B, Valentine H, Grant J, Ali A, et al. The therapeutic potential of psilocybin. Molecules. 2021;26:2948.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

de Veen BTH, Schellekens AFA, Verheij MMM, Homberg JR. Psilocybin for treating substance use disorders? Expert Rev Neurother. 2017;17:203–12.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vann Jones SA, O’Kelly A. Psychedelics as a treatment for alzheimer’s disease dementia. Front Synaptic Neurosci. 2020;12:34.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Spriggs MJ, Kettner H, Carhart-Harris RL. Positive effects of psychedelics on depression and wellbeing scores in individuals reporting an eating disorder. Eat Weight Disord. 2021;26:1265–70.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Spriggs MJ, Douglass HM, Park RJ, Read T, Danby JL, de Magalhães FJC, et al. Study protocol for ‘psilocybin as a treatment for anorexia nervosa: a pilot study. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:735523.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Andersen KAA, Carhart-Harris R, Nutt DJ, Erritzoe D. Therapeutic effects of classic serotonergic psychedelics: a systematic review of modern-era clinical studies. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2021;143:101–18.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Garcia-Romeu A, Darcy S, Jackson H, White T, Rosenberg P. Psychedelics as novel therapeutics in Alzheimer’s disease: rationale and potential mechanisms. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2022;56:287–317.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mitchell JM, Bogenschutz M, Lilienstein A, Harrison C, Kleiman S, Parker-Guilbert K, et al. MDMA-assisted therapy for severe PTSD: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 study. Nat Med. 2021;27:1025–33.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bosia M, Spangaro M, Cocchi F, Sapienza J, Tonet L, Martini F, et al. Psychotic disorders. In: Cavallaro R, Colombo C, editors. Fundamentals of psychiatry for health care professionals, 1st ed. Springer; 2022. p. 456.

Howes OD, Kapur S. The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia: version III-the final common pathway. Schizophr Bull. 2009;35:549–62.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tandon R, Nasrallah HA, Keshavan MS. Schizophrenia, ‘just the facts’ 4. Clinical features and conceptualization. Schizophr Res. 2009;110:1–23.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bechi M, Spangaro M, Agostoni G, Bosinelli F, Buonocore M, Bianchi L, et al. Intellectual and cognitive profiles in patients affected by schizophrenia. J Neuropsychol. 2019;13:589–602.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Loch AA. Schizophrenia, not a psychotic disorder: bleuler revisited. Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:328.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tonna M, Ossola P, Marchesi C, Bettini E, Lasalvia A, Bonetto C, et al. Dimensional structure of first episode psychosis. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2019;13:1431–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Marchesi C, Affaticati A, Monici A, De Panfilis C, Ossola P, Tonna M. Predictors of symptomatic remission in patients with first-episode schizophrenia: a 16years follow-up study. Compr Psychiatry. 2014;55:778–84.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kirkpatrick B, Galderisi S. Deficit schizophrenia: an update. World Psychiatry. 2008;7:143–7.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Taylor MA, Shorter E, Vaidya NA, Fink M. The failure of the schizophrenia concept and the argument for its replacement by hebephrenia: applying the medical model for disease recognition. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2010;122:173–83.