Pergamo M, Miller G. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells and their role in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Gene Ther. 2017;24:100–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2020. CA Cancer J Clin. 2020;70:7–30.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang Q, Zeng L, Chen Y, et al. Pancreatic cancer epidemiology, detection, and management. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2016;2016:8962321.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(3):209–49.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Goral V. Pancreatic cancer: pathogenesis and diagnosis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2015;16(14):5619–24.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ren B, Liu X, Suriawinata AA. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and its precursor lesions: histopathology, cytopathology, and molecular pathology. Am J Pathol. 2019;189(1):9–21.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation. Cell. 2011;144(5):646–74.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rucki AA, Zheng L. Pancreatic cancer stroma: understanding biology leads to new therapeutic strategies. World J Gastroenterol: WJG. 2014;20(9):2237.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Öhlund D, Handly-Santana A, Biffi G, Elyada E, Almeida AS, Ponz-Sarvise M, Corbo V, Oni TE, Hearn SA, Lee EJ, Chio II. Distinct populations of inflammatory fibroblasts and myofibroblasts in pancreatic cancer. J Exp Med. 2017;214(3):579–96.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Öhlund D, Lundin C, Ardnor B, Öman M, Naredi P, Sund M. Type IV collagen is a tumour stroma-derived biomarker for pancreas cancer. Br J Cancer. 2009;101(1):91–7.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Shields MA, Dangi-Garimella S, Redig AJ, Munshi HG. Biochemical role of the collagen-rich tumour microenvironment in pancreatic cancer progression. Biochemical Journal. 2012;441(2):541–52.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moffitt RA, Marayati R, Flate EL, Volmar KE, Loeza SG, Hoadley KA, Rashid NU, Williams LA, Eaton SC, Chung AH, Smyla JK. Virtual microdissection identifies distinct tumor-and stroma-specific subtypes of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Nat Genet. 2015;47(10):1168–78.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Olive KP, Jacobetz MA, Davidson CJ, Gopinathan A, McIntyre D, Honess D, Madhu B, Goldgraben MA, Caldwell ME, Allard D, Frese KK. Inhibition of Hedgehog signaling enhances delivery of chemotherapy in a mouse model of pancreatic cancer. Science. 2009;324(5933):1457–61.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hosein AN, Brekken RA, Maitra A. Pancreatic cancer stroma: an update on therapeutic targeting strategies. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;17(8):487–505.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tuveson DA, Neoptolemos JP. Understanding metastasis in pancreatic cancer: a call for new clinical approaches. Cell. 2012;148(1):21–3.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shah VM, Sheppard BC, Sears RC, Alani AW. Hypoxia: friend or Foe for drug delivery in Pancreatic Cancer. Cancer Lett. 2020;1(492):63–70.

Article  Google Scholar 

Keith B, Johnson RS, Simon MC. HIF1α and HIF2α: sibling rivalry in hypoxic tumour growth and progression. Nat Rev Cancer. 2012;12(1):9–22.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Massagué J, Obenauf AC. Metastatic colonization by circulating tumour cells. Nature. 2016;529(7586):298–306.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Massagué J, Batlle E, Gomis RR. Understanding the molecular mechanisms driving metastasis. Mol Oncol. 2017;11(1):3.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Brahmer JR, Tykodi SS, Chow LQ, Hwu WJ, Topalian SL, Hwu P, Drake CG, Camacho LH, Kauh J, Odunsi K, Pitot HC. Safety and activity of anti–PD-L1 antibody in patients with advanced cancer. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(26):2455–65.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang-Gillam A, Li CP, Bodoky G, Dean A, Shan YS, Jameson G, Macarulla T, Lee KH, Cunningham D, Blanc JF, Hubner RA. Nanoliposomal irinotecan with fluorouracil and folinic acid in metastatic pancreatic cancer after previous gemcitabine-based therapy (NAPOLI-1): a global, randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. The Lancet. 2016;387(10018):545–57.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kelly PN. The cancer immunotherapy revolution. Science. 2018;359(6382):1344–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

June CH, O’Connor RS, Kawalekar OU, Ghassemi S, Milone MC. CAR T cell immunotherapy for human cancer. Science. 2018;359:1361–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ribas A, Wolchok JD. Cancer immunotherapy using checkpoint blockade. Science. 2018;359:1350–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yoon JH, Jung YJ, Moon SH. Immunotherapy for pancreatic cancer. World J Clin Cases. 2021;9(13):2969–82.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sharma V, Sachdeva N, Gupta V, Nada R, Jacob J, Sahni D, Aggarwal A. IL-6 is associated with expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and enhanced immunosuppression in pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients. Scand J Immunol. 2021;94(6):e13107.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cordon-Cardo C, Prives C. At the crossroads of inflammation and tumorigenesis. J Exp Med. 1999;190(10):1367–70.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Li Y, Wang J, Wang H, et al. The interplay between inflammation and stromal components in pancreatic cancer. Front Immunol. 2022;13:850093.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Briukhovetska D, Dörr J, Endres S, Libby P, Dinarello CA, Kobold S. Interleukins in cancer: from biology to therapy. Nat Rev Cancer. 2021;21(8):481–99.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Feng L, Qi Q, Wang P, Chen H, Chen Z, Meng Z, et al. Serum levels of IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 are indicators of prognosis in pancreatic cancer. J Int Med Res. 2018;46(12):5228–36.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ostrand-Rosenberg S, Sinha P. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells: linking inflammation and cancer. J Immunol. 2009;182:4499–506.

Article  CAS  PubMed