J.N.K. has acted as a consultant and/or adviser of AstraZeneca, Bioptimus, DoMore Diagnostics, Mindpeak, MultiplexDx, Owkin, Panakeia and Scailyte; has received speaker’s fees from AstraZeneca, Bayer, BMS, Daiichi Sankyo, Eisai, Fresenius, GSK, Janssen, MSD, Pfizer and Roche; and holds shares in StratifAI, and Synagen. J.L. declares no competing interests.