Acevedo-Garcia D, Lochner KA, Osypuk TL. Subramanian SV (2003) Future directions in residential segregation and health research: a multilevel approach. Am J Pub Health. 2003;93(2):215–21. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.93.2.215.

Article  Google Scholar 

Kramer MR, Hogue CR. Is segregation bad for your health? Epidemiol Rev. 2009;31:178–94. https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxp001.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Williams DR, Collins C. Racial residential segregation: a fundamental cause of racial disparities in health. Pub Health Rep. 2001;116(5):404–16. https://doi.org/10.1093/phr/116.5.404.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Lynch EE, Malcoe LH, Laurent SE, Richardson J, Mitchell BC, Meier HCS. The legacy of structural racism: associations between historic redlining, current mortgage lending, and health. SSM Popul Health. 2021;14:100793. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100793.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Schuyler AJ, Wenzel SE. Historical redlining impacts contemporary environmental and asthma-related outcomes in Black adults. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2022;206(7):824–37. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.202112-2707OC.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Swope CB, Hernández D, Cushing LJ. The relationship of historical redlining with present-day neighborhood environmental and health outcomes: a scoping review and conceptual model. J Urban Health. 2022;99(6):959–83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-022-00665-z.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Aaronson D, Faber J, Hartley D, Mazumder B, Sharke P The long-run effects of the 1930s HOLC “redlining” maps on place-based measures of economic opportunity and socioeconomic success. Reg Sci Urban Econ 2021;86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2020.103622.

Shertzer A, Twinham T, Walsh RP. Race, ethnicity, and discriminatory zoning. Am Econ J: Appl Econ. 2016;8(3):217–46. https://doi.org/10.3886/E113622V1.

Massey DS, Denton NA. American apartheid: segregation and the making of the underclass. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 1993.

Gordon C. Pathwork apartheid: private restriction, racial segregation, and urban inequality. New York, NY: The Russell Sage Foundation; 2023.

Book  Google Scholar 

Taylor DV. African Americans in Minnesota. St. Paul, MN: Minnesota Historical Society; 2002.

Google Scholar 

Markley S. Federal ‘redlining’ maps: a critical reappraisal. Urban Studies. 2024;61(2):195–213. https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980231182336.

Article  Google Scholar 

Michney TM. How the city survey’s redlining maps were made: a closer look at the HOLC’s mortgage rehabilitation division. J Plan Hist. 2022;21(4):316–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/15385132211013361.

Article  Google Scholar 

Montrie C. Whiteness in plain view: a history of racial exclusion in Minnesota. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press; 2022.

Google Scholar 

Reft R, de Lucas P, Amanda K, Retzlaff RC. Justice and the interstates: the racist truth about urban highways. Washington D.C.: Island Press; 2023.

Google Scholar 

Rothstein R. The color of law: a forgotten history of how our government segregated America. New York, NY: Liveright Publishing Corporation; 2017.

Delegard K, Corey M. Mapping racial covenants in the United States: a technical toolkit. White paper. Digital Humanities Advancement Grants. National Endowment for the Humanities. 2024. https://apps.neh.gov/publicquery/AwardDetail.aspx?gn=HAA-271653-20. Accessed 25 Apr 2024.

Mapping Prejudice Project 2022. Retrieved from: https://mappingprejudice.umn.edu/. Accessed 25 Apr 2024.

Mattke R, Delegard K, Leebaw D. Mapping Prejudice: The map library as a hub for community co-creation and social change. Journal of Map & Geography Libraries. 2022;18(1–2):1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/15420353.2022.2076006.

University of Minnesota. Mapping prejudice project maps. Updated 2024. Accessed April 25, 2024. https://conservancy.umn.edu/collections/94697c81-074d-48ef-9336-218b70044e4b.

Sood A, Ehrman-Solberg K. Long shadow of racial discrimination: Evidence from housing racial covenants. 2023. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3468520.

Whipple HR. The effect of racial covenants on modern day foreclosures: Evidence from Hennepin county. Econ Honors Project. 2021;109. https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/economicshonorsprojects/109.

Hood E. Dwelling disparities: how poor housing leads to poor health. Environ Health Perspectives May. 2005;113(5):A310–7. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.113-a310.

Article  Google Scholar 

Lee EK, Donley G, Ciesielski TH, et al. Health outcomes in redlined versus non-redlined neighborhoods: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Soc Sci Med. Published online December 31, 2021:114696. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114696

Krieger N, Van Wye G, Huynh M, et al. Structural racism, historical redlining, and risk of preterm birth in New York City, 2013–2017. Am J Pub Health. 2020;110;1046_1053. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.305656

Chetty R, Bergeron A, Cutler D, Scuderi B, Stepner M, Turner N. The association between income and life expectancy in the United States, 2001–2014. J Am Med Assoc 2016;315(4). https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.4226

Chetty R, Jackson M, Kuchler T, et al. 2022. Social capital I: measurement and associations with economic mobility. Nature. (2022);608(7921):108–121. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04996-4

Noelke C, McArdle N, Baek M, et al. Child Opportunity Index 2.0 technical documentation. 2020. https://www.diversitydatakids.org/sites/default/files/2020-02/ddk_coi2.0_technical_documentation_20200212.pdf. Accessed 7/19/2024

Chetty R, Friedman J, Hendren N, Jones M, Porter S. The Opportunity Atlas: mapping the childhood roots of social mobility. Nat Bur Econ] Res 2020:w25147. https://doi.org/10.3386/w25147.

Manson S, Schroeder J, Van Riper D, Knowles K, Kugler T, Roberts F, Ruggles S. IPUMS National Historical Geographic Information System; 2023. Version 18.0. Minneapolis, MN: IPUMS. https://doi.org/10.18128/D050.V18.0.

Ruggles S, Flood S, Sobek M,et al. IPUMS USA; 2023. Version 14.0. Minneapolis, MN: IPUMS. https://doi.org/10.18128/D010.V14.0.

Linde S, Walker RJ, Campbell JA, Egede LE. Historic residential redlining and present-day social determinants of health, home evictions, and food insecurity within US neighborhoods. J Gen Int Med. 2023;38(15):3321–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-023-08258-5.

Article  Google Scholar 

Mujahid M, Gao X, Tabb L, Morris C, Lewis T Historical redlining and cardiovascular health: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Proc Nat Acad Sci (2021) 118(51). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2110986118.

Bryant-Stephens T, Strane D, Robinson E, Bhambhani S. Kenyon C (2021) Housing and asthma disparities. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2021;148(5):1121–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2021.09.023.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar