Sharma S, Thapa B, (2022). Community-Based Screening for Hypertension and Diabetes among Adults; Study of Western Nepal. Asian Journal of Population Sciences. Vol. 1. Pp. 58-65.

Saka M, Shabu S, Shabila N. Prevalence of hypertension and associated risk factors in older adults in Kurdistan, Iraq. (2020). East Mediterr Health J. 2020 Mar 24;26(3):268-275. doi: 10.26719/emhj.19.029. PMID: 32281635.

World Health Organization. (2023). Non communicable diseases in Iraq. Accessed on 29th September, 2023 on https://www.emro.who.int/iraq/priority-areas/feed/atom.html.

Pengpid S, Peltzer K. Overweight and Obesity among Adults in Iraq: Prevalence and Correlates from a National Survey in 2015. (2021). Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Apr 15;18(8):4198. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18084198. PMID: 33921006; PMCID: PMC8071354.

World Health Organization (WHO). (2010). Iraq: Noncommunicable Diseases (NCD) Country Profiles. [(accessed on 10 October 2020)];2018 Available online: https://www.who.int/nmh/countries/irq_en.pdf?ua=1

Keys A, Fidanza F, Karvonen MJ, Kimura N, Taylor HL. (1972). Indices of relative weight and obesity. J Chronic Dis. 1972;25:329–343.

Sun H, Saeedi P, Karuranga S, Pinkepank M, Ogurtsova K, Duncan BB, Stein C, Basit A, Chan JCN, Mbanya JC, Pavkov ME, Ramachandaran A, Wild SH, James S, Herman WH, Zhang P, Bommer C, Kuo S, Boyko EJ, Magliano DJ. (2021). IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2022 Jan;183:109119. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2021.109119. Epub 2021 Dec 6. PMID: 34879977.

Bloch MJ. (2016). Worldwide prevalence of hypertension exceeds 1.3 billion. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2016 Oct;10(10):753-754. doi: 10.1016/j.jash.2016.08.006. Epub 2016 Sep 19. PMID: 27660007.

Oparil S, Acelajado MC, Bakris GL, Berlowitz DR, Cífková R, Dominiczak AF, Grassi G, Jordan J, Poulter NR, Rodgers A, Whelton PK. (2018). Hypertension. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2018 Mar 22;4:18014. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2018.14. PMID: 29565029; PMCID: PMC6477925.

Mansour AA, Al-Maliky AA, Kasem B, Jabar A, Mosbeh KA. Prevalence of diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes mellitus in adults aged 19 years and older in Basrah, Iraq. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2014;7:139-144.

Abusaib M, Ahmed M, Nwayyir HA, Alidrisi HA, Al-Abbood M, Al-Bayati A, Al-Ibrahimi S, Al-Kharasani A, Al-Rubaye H, Mahwi T, Ashor A, Howlett H, Shakir M, Al-Naqshbandi M, Mansour A. Iraqi Experts Consensus on the Management of Type 2 Diabetes/Prediabetes in Adults. Clin Med Insights Endocrinol Diabetes. 2020 Aug 19;13:1179551420942232. doi: 10.1177/1179551420942232.

Abdul Hasan MY, Tawfeeq WF, Alfarttoosi AJ. Screening for Hypertension among Adults Attending Primary Health Care Centers in Baghdad. Iraqi Medical Journal Vol. 67, No. 1, Jan-June 2021; p. 20-25.

Khaleefah MA, Al-Badri HJ, Mousa NA. Hypertension Control among Adult Iraqis. J Fac Med Baghdad [Internet]. 2022 Oct. 17 [cited 2024 Jul. 19];64(3):145-52.

Jasim O, Mahmood M, Ad'hiah A. Prevalence and Prediction of Prediabetes among Apparently Healthy Iraqis from Baghdad. Health Educ Health Promot 2022; 10 (2) :411-421

URL: http://hehp.modares.ac.ir/article-5-53715-en.html.

Al-Sharify AA, Ahmed HI. Prevalence of Hypertension and Its Determinants among Primary and Secondary School Teachers. Iraqi Medicals Journal Vol. 64, No. 2, July 2018; p.119-127.

Uthman OA, Ayorinde A, Oyebode O, Sartori J, Gill P, Lilford R. Global prevalence and trends in hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus among slum residents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2022;12:e052393. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052393.

Shariq OA, McKenzie TJ. Obesity-related hypertension: a review of pathophysiology, management, and the role of metabolic surgery. Gland Surg. 2020 Feb;9(1):80-93. doi: 10.21037/gs.2019.12.03. PMID: 32206601; PMCID: PMC7082272.

Yashi K, Daley SF. Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes. [Updated 2023 Jun 19]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK592412/

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS). Let’s Make the Next Generation Tobacco-Free: Your Guide to the 50th Anniversary Surgeon General’s Report on Smoking and Health (Consumer Booklet). Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health; 2014.

Virdis A, Giannarelli C, Neves MF, Taddei S, Ghiadoni L. Cigarette smoking and hypertension. Curr Pharm Des. 2010;16(23):2518-25. doi: 10.2174/138161210792062920. PMID: 20550499.

Abdulaziz Alrashed F, Ahmad T, Almurdi MM, Alqahtani AS, Alamam DM, Alsubiheen AM. Investigating the relationship between lifestyle factors, family history, and diabetes mellitus in non-diabetic visitors to primary care centers. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2023 Sep;30(9):103777. doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103777. Epub 2023 Aug 11. PMID: 37663393; PMCID: PMC10472303.

Ranasinghe P, Cooray DN, Jayawardena R, Katulanda P. The influence of family history of hypertension on disease prevalence and associated metabolic risk factors among Sri Lankan adults. BMC Public Health. 2015 Jun 20;15:576. doi: 10.1186/s12889-015-1927-7. PMID: 26092387; PMCID: PMC4475303.

Nordström A, Hadrévi J, Olsson T, Franks PW, Nordström P. Higher Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes in Men Than in Women Is Associated With Differences in Visceral Fat Mass, The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, Volume 101, Issue 10, 1 October 2016, Pages 3740–3746, https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2016-1915.

Yan Z, Cai M, Han X, Chen Q, Lu H. The Interaction Between Age and Risk Factors for Diabetes and Prediabetes: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2023 Jan 11;16:85-93. doi: 10.2147/DMSO.S390857. PMID: 36760587; PMCID: PMC9843502.

Agho KE, Osuagwu UL, Ezeh OK, Ghimire PR, Chitekwe S, Ogbo FA (2018) Gender differences in factors associated with prehypertension and hypertension in Nepal: A nationwide survey. PLoS ONE 13(9): e0203278. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203278.

Al-Raddadi R, Al-Ahmadi J, Bahijri S, Ajabnoor GM, Jambi H, Enani S, Eldakhakhny BM, Alsheikh L, Borai A, Tuomilehto J. Gender Differences in The Factors associated with Hypertension in Non-Diabetic Saudi Adults-A Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Oct 29;18(21):11371. doi: 10.3390/ijerph182111371. PMID: 34769893; PMCID: PMC8583204.

Yu, Eun Sun, Hong, Kwanb, Chun, Byung Chulb. Incidence and risk factors for progression from prehypertension to hypertension: a 12-year Korean Cohort Study. Journal of Hypertension 38(9):p 1755-1762, September 2020. | DOI: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000002494