Glikson M, Wolff R, Hindricks G et al (2020) EHRA/EAPCI expert consensus statement on catheter-based left atrial appendage occlusion - an update. EuroIntervention 15:1133–1180. https://doi.org/10.4244/EIJY19M08_01

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Watson T, Shantsila E, Lip GY (2009) Mechanisms of thrombogenesis in atrial fibrillation: Virchow’s triad revisited. The Lancet 373:155–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60040-4

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Al-Saady NM, Obel OA, Camm AJ (1999) Left atrial appendage: structure, function, and role in thromboembolism. Heart 82:547–554. https://doi.org/10.1136/hrt.82.5.547

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yaghi S, Song C, Gray WA et al (2015) Left atrial appendage function and stroke risk. Stroke 46:3554–3559. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.011273

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cresti A, Sievert H, Limbruno U et al (2020) Where are clots in atrial fibrillation? Did we have the wrong assumptions over the last decades? EP Europace 22:845–846. https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/euaa068

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cha Y-M, Redfield MM, Shen W-K, Gersh BJ (2004) Atrial fibrillation and ventricular dysfunction: a vicious electromechanical cycle. Circulation 109:2839–2843. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000132470.78896.A8

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Deyranlou A, Naish JH, Miller CA et al (2020) Numerical study of atrial fibrillation effects on flow distribution in aortic circulation. Ann Biomed Eng 48:1291–1308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-020-02448-6

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wachtell K, Devereux RB, Lyle PA et al (2008) The left atrium, atrial fibrillation, and the risk of stroke in hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis 2:507–513. https://doi.org/10.1177/1753944708093846

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mizia-Stec K, Caforio ALP, Charron P et al (2020) Atrial fibrillation, anticoagulation management and risk of stroke in the Cardiomyopathy/Myocarditis registry of the EURObservational Research Programme of the European Society of Cardiology. ESC Heart Failure 7:3601–3609. https://doi.org/10.1002/ehf2.12854

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Leung M, van Rosendael PJ, Abou R et al (2018) Left atrial function to identify patients with atrial fibrillation at high risk of stroke: new insights from a large registry. Eur Heart J 39:1416–1425. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehx736

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lang RM, Badano LP, Mor-Avi V et al (2015) Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 16:233–271. https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jev014

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Doukky R, Garcia-Sayan E, Gage H et al (2014) The value of diastolic function parameters in the prediction of left atrial appendage thrombus in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 12:10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-7120-12-10

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kusunose K, Torii Y, Yamada H et al (2017) Clinical utility of longitudinal strain to predict functional recovery in patients with tachyarrhythmia and reduced LVEF. JACC Cardiovascular Imaging 10:118–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2016.03.019

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Deng B, Nie R, Qiu Q et al (2021) 3D transesophageal echocardiography assists in evaluating the morphology, function, and presence of thrombi of left atrial appendage in patients with atrial fibrillation. Ann Transl Med 9:876–876. https://doi.org/10.21037/atm-21-1981

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Malik R, Alyeshmerni DM, Wang Z et al (2015) Prevalence and predictors of left atrial thrombus in patients with atrial fibrillation: is transesophageal echocardiography necessary before cardioversion? Cardiovasc Revasc Med 16:12–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carrev.2014.12.009

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang Y, Di Biase L, Horton RP et al (2010) Left atrial appendage studied by computed tomography to help planning for appendage closure device placement. Cardiovasc electrophysiol 21:973–982. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8167.2010.01814.x

Article  Google Scholar 

Di Biase L, Santangeli P, Anselmino M et al (2012) Does the left atrial appendage morphology correlate with the risk of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation? J Am Coll Cardiol 60:531–538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2012.04.032

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fang R, Li Y, Wang J et al (2022) Stroke risk evaluation for patients with atrial fibrillation: insights from left atrial appendage. Front Cardiovasc Med 9:968630. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2022.968630

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lei C, Gao Q, Wei R et al (2022) Fractal geometry illustrated left atrial appendage morphology that predicted thrombosis and stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation. Front Cardiovasc Med 9:779528. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2022.779528

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Negrotto SM, Lugo RM, Metawee M et al (2021) Left atrial appendage morphology predicts the formation of left atrial appendage thrombus. Cardiovasc electrophysiol 32:1044–1052. https://doi.org/10.1111/jce.14922

Article  Google Scholar 

Usuku H, Yamamoto E, Yoshimura H et al (2018) Utility of postural change in differentiating sludge from thrombus in the left atrial appendage: a case report. Echocardiography 35:573–574. https://doi.org/10.1111/echo.13850

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Posada-Martinez EL, Trejo-Paredes C, Ortiz-Leon XA et al (2019) Differentiating spontaneous echo contrast, sludge, and thrombus in the left atrial appendage: can ultrasound enhancing agents help? Echocardiography 36:1413–1417. https://doi.org/10.1111/echo.14405

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Baer H, Mereles D, Grünig E, Kuecherer H (2001) Images in echocardiography. Exaggerated pectinate muscles mimicking multiple left atrial appendage thrombi. Eur J Echocardiogr 2:131. https://doi.org/10.1053/euje.2000.0056

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kosmalska K, Rzyman M, Miękus P et al (2021) Usefulness of transesophageal echocardiography before cardioversion in atrial arrhythmias. Cardiol J 28:101–109. https://doi.org/10.5603/CJ.a2019.0056

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wu MS, Gabriels J, Khan M et al (2018) Left atrial thrombus despite continuous direct oral anticoagulant or warfarin therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation: insights into rates and timing of thrombus resolution. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 53:159–167. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10840-018-0432-1

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stoddard MF, Dawkins PR, Prince CR, Ammash NM (1995) Left atrial appendage thrombus is not uncommon in patients with acute atrial fibrillation and a recent embolic event: a transesophageal echocardiographic study. J Am Coll Cardiol 25:452–459. https://doi.org/10.1016/0735-1097(94)00396-8

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Manning WJ, Silverman DI, Waksmonski CA et al (1995) Prevalence of residual left atrial thrombi among patients with acute thromboembolism and newly recognized atrial fibrillation. Arch Intern Med 155:2193–2198

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Feldman JM, Wang A, Frishman WH, Aronow WS (2023) Review of the etiology, diagnosis, and therapy of left atrial thrombus. Cardiol Rev. https://doi.org/10.1097/CRD.0000000000000592

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lurie A, Wang J, Hinnegan KJ et al (2021) Prevalence of left atrial thrombus in anticoagulated patients with atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 77:2875–2886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2021.04.036

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Uziębło-Życzkowska B, Krzesiński P, Jurek A et al (2020) Prevalence and risk factors of left atrial thrombus in patients with atrial fibrillation and lower class (IIa) recommendation to anticoagulants. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 10:717–724. https://doi.org/10.21037/cdt-20-151